AP Test Review
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| 9840719133 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 9840719134 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 9840719135 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 9840719136 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 9840719137 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 9840719138 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 9840719139 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 9840719140 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 9840719141 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 9840719142 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 9840719143 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 9840719144 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 9840719145 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 9840719146 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 9840719147 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 9840719148 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 9840719149 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 9840719150 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 9840719151 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 9840719152 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 9840719153 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 9840719154 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 9840719155 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 9840719156 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 9840719157 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 9840719158 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 9840719159 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 9840719160 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 9840719161 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 9840719162 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 9840719163 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 9840719164 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 9840719165 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 9840719166 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 9840719167 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 9840719168 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 9840719169 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 9840719170 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 9840719171 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 9840719172 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 9840719173 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 9840719174 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 9840719175 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 9840719367 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 9840719176 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 9840719177 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 9840719178 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 9840719179 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 9840719180 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 9840719181 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 9840719182 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 9840719183 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 9840719184 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 9840719185 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 9840719186 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 9840719187 | sympathetic nervous system | arousal | 55 | |
| 9840719188 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming effect | 56 | |
| 9840719189 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others deteriorate if not used | 57 | |
| 9840719190 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 9840719191 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 9840719192 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 9840719193 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 9840719194 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 9840719195 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 9840719196 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 9840719197 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 9840719198 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 9840719199 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 9840719200 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 9840719201 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 9840719202 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 9840719203 | amygdala (if stimulated) | Causes aggression | 71 | |
| 9840719204 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 9840719205 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 9840719206 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 9840719207 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 9840719208 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 9840719209 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing | 77 | |
| 9840719210 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 9840719211 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 9840719212 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 9840719213 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 9840719214 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 9840719215 | Broca's area | Controls speech | 83 | |
| 9840719216 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 9840719217 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 9840719218 | bottom-up processing | Analysis that begins with basic senses and then works up to brain's interpretation | 86 | |
| 9840719219 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 9840719220 | top-down processing | Where we process info with higher thinking. We construct perceptions based on experience and expectations | 88 | |
| 9840719221 | inattentional blindness | Failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | 89 | |
| 9840719222 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 9840719223 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 9840719224 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 9840719225 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 9840719226 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 9840719227 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 9840719228 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 9840719229 | rods | seeing at night | 97 | |
| 9840719230 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 9840719231 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 9840719232 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 9840719233 | Ewald Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 9840719234 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 9840719235 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 9840719236 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 9840719237 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 9840719238 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 9840719239 | Skin feels what? | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 9840719240 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 9840719241 | memory of pain | peaks and ends | 109 | |
| 9840719242 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 110 | |
| 9840719243 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 111 | |
| 9840719244 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 112 | |
| 9840719245 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 113 | |
| 9840719246 | perception = | mood + motivation | 114 | |
| 9840719247 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 115 | |
| 9840719248 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 116 | |
| 9840719249 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 117 | |
| 9840719250 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 118 | |
| 9840719251 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 119 | |
| 9840719252 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 120 | |
| 9840719253 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 121 | |
| 9840719254 | insomnia | can't sleep | 122 | |
| 9840719255 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 123 | |
| 9840719256 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 124 | |
| 9840719257 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 9840719258 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 126 | |
| 9840719259 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 127 | |
| 9840719260 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 128 | |
| 9840719261 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 129 | |
| 9840719262 | depressants | slow neural pathways | 130 | |
| 9840719263 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 131 | |
| 9840719264 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 132 | |
| 9840719265 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 133 | |
| 9840719266 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 134 | |
| 9840719267 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 135 | |
| 9840719268 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 136 | |
| 9840719269 | nicotine (Juul) | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 137 | |
| 9840719270 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 138 | |
| 9840719271 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 139 | |
| 9840719272 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin and frequently used at Coachella | 140 | |
| 9840719273 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin and is a song by A$AP Rocky | 141 | |
| 9840719274 | Marijuana (Dank) | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 142 | |
| 9840719275 | learning | organism changing behavior due to experience (association of events) | 143 | |
| 9840719276 | types of learning | classical operant observational | 144 | |
| 9840719277 | famous classical psychologists | Ivan Pavlov and John Watson | 145 | |
| 9840719278 | famous operant psychologist | B.F. Skinner | 146 | |
| 9840719279 | famous observational psychologist | Albert Bandura | 147 | |
| 9840719280 | classical conditioning | outside stimulus | 148 | |
| 9840719281 | Ivan Pavlov's experiment | Step 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) | 149 | |
| 9840719282 | John Watson's experiment | white rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry) | 150 | |
| 9840719283 | generalization | any small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now | 151 | |
| 9840719284 | discriminate | any large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry | 152 | |
| 9840719285 | extinction | stop "treating" with conditioned response | 153 | |
| 9840719286 | spontaneous recovery | bring stimulus back after a while | 154 | |
| 9840719287 | operant conditioning | control by organism | 155 | |
| 9840719288 | B.F. Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 156 | |
| 9840719289 | shaping | get animal closer to doing what you want them to do | 157 | |
| 9840719290 | reinforcers | want to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging) | 158 | |
| 9840719291 | punishments | want to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone) | 159 | |
| 9840719292 | fixed ratio | happens a specific number of times | 160 | |
| 9840719293 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times | 161 | |
| 9840719294 | organism must do these (2 times) | fixed ratio and variable ratio | 162 | |
| 9840719295 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 163 | |
| 9840719296 | variable interval | happens at any time | 164 | |
| 9840719297 | these things happen regardless (2 times) | fixed interval and variable interval | 165 | |
| 9840719298 | Which (fixed/variable) conditions better? | variable | 166 | |
| 9840719299 | criticisms of B.F. Skinner | He doesn't take into account intrinsic motivation | 167 | |
| 9840719300 | intrinsic motivation | doing something for yourself, not the reward | 168 | |
| 9840719301 | extrinsic motivation | doing something for reward | 169 | |
| 9840719302 | B.F. Skinner's legacy | use it personally, at school, and at work | 170 | |
| 9840719303 | famous observational experiment | Albert Bandura's Bobo doll | 171 | |
| 9840719304 | famous observational psychologist | Albert Bandura | 172 | |
| 9840719305 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 173 | |
| 9840719306 | Bobo doll experiment legacy | violent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil | 174 | |
| 9840719307 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 175 | |
| 9840719308 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 176 | |
| 9840719309 | examples of observational learning | lectures and reading | 177 | |
| 9840719310 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 178 | |
| 9840719311 | LTP | ((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed) | 179 | |
| 9840719312 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 180 | |
| 9840719313 | glutamate | neurotransmitter that enhances LTP | 181 | |
| 9840719314 | glucose involved with memory | released during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered)) | 182 | |
| 9840719315 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 183 | |
| 9840719316 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 184 | |
| 9840719317 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 185 | |
| 9840719318 | hippocampus | active during sleep (forming memories) | 186 | |
| 9840719319 | memory | learning over time contains information that can be retrieved | 187 | |
| 9840719320 | processing stages | encoding -> storage -> retrieval | 188 | |
| 9840719321 | encoding | information going in | 189 | |
| 9840719322 | storage | keeping information in | 190 | |
| 9840719323 | retrieval | taking information out | 191 | |
| 9840719324 | How long is sensory memory stored? | seconds | 192 | |
| 9840719325 | How long is short-term memory stored? | less than a minute | 193 | |
| 9840719326 | How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory? | 7 | 194 | |
| 9840719327 | How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory? | 4 | 195 | |
| 9840719328 | How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory? | 2 | 196 | |
| 9840719329 | short term memory goes to ______________ | working memory | 197 | |
| 9840719330 | working memory | make a connection and process information to mean something | 198 | |
| 9840719331 | working memory goes to _________________ | long-term memory | 199 | |
| 9840719332 | How much is stored in long-term memory? | LIMITLESS | 200 | |
| 9840719333 | implicit memory | what you do naturally | 201 | |
| 9840719334 | explicit memory | When the subject is intentionally trying to remember something and is consciously aware of doing so. | 202 | |
| 9840719335 | automatic processing | space, time, frequency, well-learned information | 203 | |
| 9840719336 | effortful processing | processing that requires effort | 204 | |
| 9840719337 | spacing effect | spread out learning over time | 205 | |
| 9840719338 | serial position effect | primary/recency effect | 206 | |
| 9840719339 | primary effect | remember the first things in a list | 207 | |
| 9840719340 | recency effect | remember the last things in a list | 208 | |
| 9840719341 | effortful processing (4 things) | 1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect | 209 | |
| 9840719342 | semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how to | make meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you | 210 | |
| 9840719343 | if we can't remember a memory we: | 1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story | 211 | |
| 9840719344 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | 212 | |
| 9840719345 | imagination inflation | imagine or visualize something that isn't real | 213 | |
| 9840719346 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 214 | |
| 9840719347 | priming | A person is exposed to info and is later tested to see whether the info affects behavior. | 215 | |
| 9840719348 | context | environment helps with memory | 216 | |
| 9840719349 | state-dependency | you may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high) | 217 | |
| 9840719350 | mood-congruency | emotion will bring back similar emotional memories | 218 | |
| 9840719351 | forgetting curve | forget after 5 days forget after 5 years | 219 | |
| 9840719352 | the forgetting curve was created by | Hermann Ebbinghaus | 220 | |
| 9840719353 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 221 | |
| 9840719354 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 222 | |
| 9840719355 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 223 | |
| 9840719356 | Elizabeth Loftus | connected to abuse cases/childhood | 224 | |
| 9840719357 | prototypes | generalize | 225 | |
| 9840719358 | problem-solving (4) | trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!" | 226 | |
| 9840719359 | against problem-solving | fixation | 227 | |
| 9840719360 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 228 | |
| 9840719361 | functional fixedness | An object only serves a single purpose | 229 | |
| 9840719362 | Noam Chomsky | Believed humans have an inborn native ability to develop language | 230 | |
| 9840719363 | B.F. Skinner | Believed language is learned | 231 | |
| 9840719364 | grammar is _________ | universal | 232 | |
| 9840719365 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 233 | |
| 9840719366 | morphemes | smallest meaning unit | 234 |
