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AP Psychology AP Review Part 1 Flashcards

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8439118255psychologythe study of behavior and mental processes0
8439118256psychology's biggest questionWhich is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture?1
8439118257psychology's three levels of analysisbiopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together)2
8439118258biological approachgenetics, close-relatives, body functions3
8439118259evolutionary approachspecies - helped with survival (ancestors)4
8439118260psychodynamic approach(Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes5
8439118261behavioral approachlearning (classical and operant) observed6
8439118262cognitive approachthinking affects behavior7
8439118263humanistic approachbecoming a better human (behavior, acceptance)8
8439118264social-cultural approachcultural, family, environment9
8439118265two reasons of why experiments are importanthindsight bias + overconfidence10
8439118266types of research methodsdescriptive, correlational, and experimental11
8439118267descriptive methodscase study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT)12
8439118268case studystudies one person in depth may not be typical of population13
8439118269surveystudies lots of people not in depth14
8439118270naturalistic observationobserve + write facts without interference15
8439118271correlational methodshows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research16
8439118272correlation coefficient+ 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases)17
8439118273experimental methoddoes show cause and effect18
8439118274populationtype of people who are going to be used in experiment19
8439118275sampleactual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias)20
8439118276random assignmentchance selection between experimental and control groups21
8439118277control groupnot receiving experimental treatment receives placebo22
8439118278experimental groupreceiving treatment/drug23
8439118279independent variabledrug/procedure/treatment24
8439118280dependent variableoutcome of using the drug/treatment25
8439118281confounding variablecan affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control26
8439118282scientific methodtheory hypothesis operational definition revision27
8439118283theorygeneral idea being tested28
8439118284hypothesismeasurable/specific29
8439118285operational definitionprocedures that explain components30
8439118286modeappears the most31
8439118287meanaverage32
8439118288medianmiddle33
8439118289rangehighest - lowest34
8439118290standard deviationhow scores vary around the mean35
8439118291central tendencysingle score that represents the whole36
8439118292bell curve(natural curve)37
8439118293ethics of testing on animalsneed to be treated humanly basically similar to humans38
8439118294ethics of testing on humansconsent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality39
8439118295sensory neuronstravel from sensory receptors to brain40
8439118296motor neuronstravel from brain to "motor" workings41
8439118297interneurons(in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons42
8439118298neuron43
8439118299dendritesreceive messages from other neurons44
8439118300myelin sheathprotects the axon45
8439118301axonwhere charges travel from cell body to axon terminal46
8439118302neurotransmitterschemical messengers47
8439118303reuptakeextra neurotransmitters are taken back48
8439118304excitatory charge"Let's do it!"49
8439118305inhibitory charge"Let's not do it!"50
8439118306central nervous systembrain and spinal cord51
8439118307peripheral nervous systemsomatic nervous system autonomic nervous system52
8439118308somatic nervous systemvoluntary movements53
8439118309autonomic nervous systeminvoluntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems)54
8439118310sympathetic nervous systemarousing55
8439118311parasympathetic nervous systemcalming56
8439118312neural networksmore connections form with greater use others fall away if not used57
8439118313spinal cordexpressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved58
8439118314endocrine systemslow uses hormones in the blood system59
8439118315master glandpituitary gland60
8439118316brainstemextension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival61
8439118317reticular formation (if stimulated)sleeping subject wakes up62
8439118318reticular formation (if damaged)coma63
8439118319brainstem (if severed)still move (without purpose)64
8439118320thalamussensory switchboard (does not process smell)65
8439118321hypothalamusbasic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry)66
8439118322cerebellumnonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements67
8439118323cerebellum (if damaged)difficulty walking and coordinating68
8439118324amygdalaaggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions69
8439118325amygdala (if lesioned)subject is mellow70
8439118326amygdala (if stimulated)aggressive71
8439118327hippocampusprocess new memory72
8439118328cerebrumtwo large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing73
8439118329cerebral cortexonly in higher life forms74
8439118330association areasintegrate and interpret information75
8439118331glial cellsprovide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons76
8439118332frontal lobejudgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident)77
8439118333parietal lobemath and spatial reasoning78
8439118334temporal lobeaudition and recognizing faces79
8439118335occipital lobevision80
8439118336corpus callosumsplit in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures)81
8439118337Wernicke's areainterprets auditory and hearing82
8439118338Broca's areaspeaking words83
8439118339plasticityability to adapt if damaged84
8439118340sensationwhat our senses tell us85
8439118341bottom-up processingsenses to brain86
8439118342perceptionwhat our brain tells us to do with that information87
8439118343top-down processingbrain to senses88
8439118344inattentional blindnessfail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere89
8439118345cocktail party effecteven with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc.90
8439118346change blindnessgiving directions and person is changed and we don't notice91
8439118347choice blindnesswhen defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed92
8439118348absolute thresholdminimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time93
8439118349signal detection theorywe notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying)94
8439118350JND (just noticeable difference)(Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion95
8439118351sensory adaptationtired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?"96
8439118352rodsnight time97
8439118353conescolor98
8439118354parallel processingnotice color, form, depth, movement, etc.99
8439118355Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory3 corresponding color receptors (RGB)100
8439118356Hering's opponent-process theoryafter image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB)101
8439118357trichromatic + opponent-processYoung-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex102
8439118358frequency we hear mosthuman voice103
8439118359Helmoltz (hearing)we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches)104
8439118360frequency theoryimpulse frequency (low pitches)105
8439118361Helmholtz + frequency theorymiddle pitches106
8439118362Skin feels what?warmth, cold, pressure, pain107
8439118363gate-control theorysmall fibers - pain large fibers - other senses108
8439118364memory of painpeaks and ends109
8439118365smellclose to memory section (not in thalamus)110
8439118366groupingGestalt make sense of pieces create a whole111
8439118367grouping groupsproximity similarity continuity connectedness closure112
8439118368make assumptions of placementhigher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front113
8439118369perception =mood + motivation114
8439118370consciousnessawareness of ourselves and the environment115
8439118371circadian rhythmdaily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake)116
8439118372circadian rhythm pattern- activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin117
8439118373What messes with circadian rhythm?artificial light118
8439118374The whole sleep cycle lasts how long?90 minutes119
8439118375sleep stagesrelaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep)120
8439118376purpose of sleep1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more)121
8439118377insomniacan't sleep122
8439118378narcolepsyfall asleep anywhere at anytime123
8439118379sleep apneastop breathing in sleep124
8439118380night terrorsprevalent in children125
8439118381sleepwalking/sleeptalkinghereditary - prevalent in children126
8439118382dreaming (3)1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries127
8439118383purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES)1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence128
84391183841. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible?1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE))129
8439118385depressantsslows neural pathways130
8439118386alcohol((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect131
8439118387barbituates (tranquilizers)((depressant)) reduce anxiety132
8439118388opiates((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain133
8439118389stimulantshypes neural processing134
8439118390methamphetamine((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine135
8439118391caffeine((stimulant))136
8439118392nicotine((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine137
8439118393cocaine((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine138
8439118394hallucinogenexcites neural activity139
8439118395ecstasy((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin140
8439118396LSD((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin141
8439118397marijuana((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation142
8439118398learningorganism changing behavior due to experience (association of events)143
8439118399types of learningclassical operant observational144
8439118400famous classical psychologistsPavlov and Watson145
8439118401famous operant psychologistSkinner146
8439118402famous observational psychologistsBandura147
8439118403classical conditioningoutside stimulus148
8439118404Pavlov's experimentStep 1: US (food) -> UR (salivation) Step 2: NS (bell) -> US (food) -> UR (salivation) Later... CS (bell) -> CR (salivation)149
8439118405Watson's experimentwhite rat was given to Little Albert Step 1: US (noise) -> UR (cry) Step 2: NS (rat) -> US (noise) -> UR (cry) Later... CS (rat) -> CR (cry)150
8439118406generalizationany small, white fluffy creature will make Albert cry now151
8439118407discriminateany large, white fluffy creature won't make Albert cry152
8439118408extinctionstop "treating" with conditioned response153
8439118409spontaneous recoverybring stimulus back after a while154
8439118410operant conditioningcontrol by organism155
8439118411Skinner's experimentoperant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping)156
8439118412shapingget animal closer to doing what you want them to do157
8439118413reinforcerswant to continue behavior (positive reinforcement: give money to do laundry) (negative reinforcement: do to avoid nagging)158
8439118414punishmentswant to stop behavior (positive reinforcement: smack) (negative reinforcement: take away phone)159
8439118415fixed ratiohappens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card)160
8439118416variable ratiohappens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery)161
8439118417organism must do these (2 times)fixed ratio and variable ratio162
8439118418fixed intervalhappens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM)163
8439118419variable intervalhappens at any time (receive texts from friends)164
8439118420these things happen regardless (2 times)fixed interval and variable interval165
8439118421Which (fixed/variable) conditions better?variable166
8439118422criticisms of Skinnerdoesn't take into account intrinsic motivation167
8439118423intrinsic motivationdoing something for yourself, not the reward168
8439118424extrinsic motivationdoing something for reward169
8439118425Skinner's legacyuse it personally, at school, and at work170
8439118426famous observational experimentBandura's Bobo doll171
8439118427famous observational psychologistBandura172
8439118428mirror neurons"feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals173
8439118429Bobo doll experiment legacyviolent video games/movies desensitize us see good: do good see evil: do evil174
8439118430observational learningbiological behaviors work best175
8439118431habituationget used to it -> stop reacting176
8439118432examples for observational learninglectures and reading177
8439118433serotonin involved with memoryspeeds the connection between neurons178
8439118434LTP((long-term potentiation)) strengthens potential neural forming (associated with speed)179
8439118435CREBprotein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories180
8439118436glutamate involved with memoryneurotransmitter that enhances LTP181
8439118437glucose involved with memoryreleased during strong emotions ((signaling important event to be remembered))182
8439118438flashbulb memorytype of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment183
8439118439amygdala (memory)boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight184
8439118440cerebellum (memory)forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning))185
8439118441hippocampus (memory)active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours))186
8439118442memorylearning over time contains information that can be retrieved187
8439118443processing stagesencoding -> storage -> retrieval188
8439118444encodinginformation going in189
8439118445storagekeeping information in190
8439118446retrievaltaking information out191
8439118447How long is sensory memory stored?seconds192
8439118448How long is short-term memory stored?less than a minute193
8439118449How many bits of information is stored in short-term memory?7194
8439118450How many chunks of information is stored in short-term memory?4195
8439118451How many seconds of words is stored in short-term memory?2196
8439118452short term memory goes to ______________working memory197
8439118453working memorymake a connection and process information to mean something198
8439118454working memory goes to _________________long-term memory199
8439118455How much is stored in long-term memory?LIMITLESS200
8439118456implicit memorynaturally do201
8439118457explicit memoryneed to explain202
8439118458automatic processingspace, time, frequency, well-learned information203
8439118459effortful processingprocessing that requires effort204
8439118460spacing effectspread out learning over time205
8439118461serial position effectprimary/recency effect206
8439118462primary effectremember the first things in a list207
8439118463recency effectremember the last things in a list208
8439118464effortful processing (4 things)1. recency effect 2. spacing effect 3. testing effect 4. serial position effect209
8439118465semantic encoding (1) meaning (2) how tomake meaning out of something --- chunk, hierarchy, or connect to you210
8439118466if we can't remember a memory...1. change memory to suit us 2. fill in the blanks with logical story211
8439118467misinformation effectnot correct information212
8439118468imagination inflationimagine or visualize something that isn't real213
8439118469source amnesiawhat is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?)214
8439118470primingassociation (setting you up)215
8439118471contextenvironment helps with memory216
8439118472state-dependencyyou may remember something if you go back to the state you were in (go back to high)217
8439118473mood-congruencyemotion will bring back similar emotional memories218
8439118474forgetting curveforget after 5 days forget after 5 years219
8439118475the forgetting curve was created byEbbinghaus220
8439118476proactive interferenceold information interferes with the new221
8439118477retroactive interferencenew information interferes with the old222
8439118478children can't remember before age __3223
8439118479Loftusconnected to abuse cases/childhood224
8439118480prototypesgeneralize225
8439118481problem-solving (4)trial + error algorithms heuristic (representative + availability) insight - "AHA!"226
8439118482against problem-solvingfixation227
8439118483mental setwhat has worked in the past228
8439118484functional fixednessonly way to do this is with this229
8439118485Chomsky (nature or nurture?)"born with language" (nature)230
8439118486Skinner (nature or nurture?)language is learned (nurture)231
8439118487grammar is _________universal232
8439118488phonemessmallest sound unit233
8439118489morphemessmallest meaning unit234

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