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AP Psychology Brain & Biology Flashcards

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5193273038Peripheral CentralWhat are the two categories of the Nervous System?0
5193273039CentralThis category of the Nervous System includes the brain and spinal cord.1
5193273040CentralThis category of the Nervous System includes the decision making.2
5193273041PeripheralThis category of the Nervous System includes the neurons. - Provides information to the Central Nervous System and transmits the decisions3
5193273043Automatic SomaticWhat are the two categories of the Peripheral Nervous System?4
5193273044AutonomicThis category of the Peripheral Nervous System includes the automatic bodily functions tied to muscles and glands. - ex: heart beats5
5193273046SomaticThis category of the Peripheral Nervous System includes voluntary skeletal muscle/motor movements. ex: dipping your toe in a pool to test the temperature6
5193273048What are the two categories of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System?Sympathetic Parasympathetic7
5193273049SympatheticThis category of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System is engaged by a fight or flight/ stressful situation. ex:seeing a wasp; a soldier8
5193273052ParasympatheticThis category of the Autonomic Peripheral Nervous System occurs after the sympathetic system. - calms someone after a stressful situation engaged by a peaceful situation9
5193273055Reflex ArcRefers from the finger to the shoulder. Occurs because of the spinal reflex.10
5193273056Spinal ReflexThe brain is not involved in this reflex. ex: touching a hot stove11
5193273058Dendritereceive the signal and conducts impulses toward teh cell body12
5193273059Axonextension of a neuron - carries the signal13
5193273060Node of RanvierWhat is #3?14
5193273061Axon Terminal Branches/ButtonsWhat is #4?15
5193273062Myelin SheathProtects the axon and boosts the signal.(#5)16
5193273063SomaWhat is #6?17
5193273064Schwann CellWhat is Letter A?18
5193273065NucleusWhat is #7?19
5193273066DendritesReceive the signal.20
5193273067SomaProvides energy for the cell.21
5193273068Schwann CellsProduces the myelin sheath.22
5193273069Node of RanvierThe gap that boosts the signal. The gap between the myelin sheath.23
5193273072Synaptic Cleft/GapThe space between the neurons.24
5193273073SynapseThe neuro - transmitters jump across the __________.25
5193273074Synaptic VesicleHolds the neuro - transmitters.26
5193273075MessagesWhat are the small balls?27
5193273076Receptor SitesWhat is #5?28
5193273077Synaptic VesiclesWhat is #1?29
5193273078SynapseWhat is #430
5193273079Sensory NeuronsBrings sensory information into the Central Nervous System.31
5193273080Motor NeuronsThe output. Provides the motor commands to muscles.32
5193273081Inter NeuronsIn the Central Nervous System. The middle men. Passes along information between sensory and motor neurons.33
5193273082Mirror NeuronsAllows us to empathize with others and experience their movements without us actually moving.34
5193273083Mirror NeuronsAn example of these type of neurons is phantom limb pain.35
5193273084Resting PotentialThis is when the neurons are not firing. It is polarized.36
5193273085Polarizedwhen the positive and negative atoms are separated.37
5193273086Resting PotentialAn example of this is when the toilet is ready to flush.38
5193273087Action PotentialThis is when the neurons are firing. It is depolarized.39
5193273088DepolarizedWhen the positive and negative atoms mix.40
5193273089Action PotentialAn example of this is when the toilet is flushing.41
5193273090Refractory PeriodThis is the reset time between neuron impulses.42
5193273091Refractory PeriodAn example of this is when the toilet is resetting before the next flush.43
5193273092ThresholdMinimum stimulation is needed to trigger the impulse.44
5193273093ThresholdAn example of this is that the toilet won't flush without substantial pressure.45
5193273094All - or - None ResponseEither the neuron fires completely or not at all.46
5193273095All - or None ResponseAn example of this is that if there is enough pressure, the toilet will always flush.47
5193273096ReuptakeThe reabsorption of the neurotransmitters by the sending neurons.48
5193273097NeurotransmittersInformation in the form of small balls. Chemicals that carry messages between neurons (across the synapse).49
5193273098Acetylcholine (Ach)The main functions are memory and involuntary muscle movement.50
5193273099Acetylcholine (Ach)An excess of this will result in muscle spasms.51
5193273100Acetylcholine (Ach)A deficiency of this will result in Alzheimer's or paralysis52
5193273101DopamineThe main functions are reward/pleasure, voluntary muscle movement, and learning.53
5193273102DopamineAn excess of this will cause schizophrenia54
5193273103DopamineA deficiency of this will result in Parkinson's.55
5193273104SerotoninThe main functions are mood, appetite, sleep, and impulsiveness.56
5193273105SerotoninAn excess of this will result in muscle tremors or headaches.57
5193273106SerotoninA deficiency of this will cause depression, eating disorders, alcoholism, or aggression.58
5193273107NorepinephrineThe main functions are sleep/alertness, learning, and mood.59
5193273108NorepinephrineAn excess of this will result in fear/anxiety.60
5193273109NorepinephrineA deficiency of this will result in depression.61
5193273110GABAThe main functions are inhibitory neurotransmitter, mood, movement, sleep/relaxation.62
5193273111GABAAn excess of this will result in being lethargic.63
5193273112GABAA deficiency of this will result in anxiety and Huntington's disease.64
5193273113GlutamateThe main functions are excitatory neurotransmitter and learning.65
5193273114GlutamateAn excess of this will result in migraines, seizures, brain damage, and overstimulation.66
5193273115GlutamateA deficiency of this will result in fatigue and chronic pain.67
5193273116EndorphinsThe body's naturally occurring opiates. Released in response to pain and vigorous exercise.68
5193273117AgonistsMimic/boost the effects of a neurotransmitter.69
5193273118AgonistsExamples of these are opium, oxycodone, morphine, and heroin.70
5193273119AntagonistsBlocks the effects of the neurotransmitter.71
5193273120AntagonistsAn example of this is SARI.72
5193273121SARIAn anti - depressant.73
5193273122Anti - depressantBlocks the reuptake process.74
5193273123Endocrine SystemA system of glands that secrete hormones.75
5193273124HormonesChemical messengers that travel through the blood stream.76
5193273125Pituitary GlandThe master gland.77
5193273126Pituitary GlandSecretes growth hormones and oxytocin.78
5193273127Adrenal GlandSecretes adrenaline and cortisol.79
5193273128AdrenalineThe same thing as epinephrine.80
5193273129CortisolHelps the body fight stress.81
5193273130AdrenalineIncreases blood circulation.82
5193273131AdrenalinePrepares muscles for action.83
5193273132PancreasSecretes insulin.84
5193273133InsulinRegulates blood sugar.85
5193273134Sex GlandsInclude testes and ovaries.86
5193273135Sex GlandsSecrete sperm, eggs, testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.87
5193273136TestosteroneWhat is the major male hormone?88
5193273137Estrogen ProgesteroneWhat are the two major female hormones?89
5193273138Pineal GlandSecretes melatonin.90
5193273139MelatoninHelps you sleep.91
5193273140BrainstemThe swelling of the spinal cord that enters the brain.92
5193273141BrainstemThis is made up of the medulla, pons, reticular activating system, and thalamus.93
5193273142MedullaWhat is this?94
5193273143MedullaResponsible for your heartbeat, breathing, and survival reflexes.95
5193273144Survival ReflexesThe medulla is responsible for this. Examples of this are puking, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing.96
5193273145PonsResponsible for sleep and dreams.97
5193273146Medulla and PonsThe main parts of the brain stem.98
5193273147Reticular Activating SystemWhat is the pink line?99
5193273148Reticular Activating SystemAnother name for this is reticular formation.100
5193273149Reticular Activating SystemRuns through the brain stem.101
5193273150Reticular Activating SystemResponsible for arousal and wakefulness.102
5193273151ThalamusWhat is this?103
5193273152ThalamusThe sensory relay station of the brain stem.104
5193273153ThalamusOn top of the brain stem.105
5193273154Limbic SystemWhat is this?106
5193273155Limbic SystemThe center for emotions and drives.107
5193273156Limbic SystemIncludes the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalmus.108
5193273157DrivesThe limbic system is responsible for this. Includes some vital functions.109
5193273158HippocampusWhat is this?110
5193273159HippocampusResponsible for explicit memories and learning.111
5193273160AmygdalaWhat is this?112
5193273161AmygdalaResponsible for negative emotions like fear, anger, and aggression.113
5193273162HypothalamusWhat is this?114
5193273163Food Feelings Fight/Flight Fever FornificationWhat are the 5 F's the hypothalamus is responsible for?115
5193273164Cerebral CortexWhat is this?116
5193273165Cerebral CortexCovers the brain. The outer layer. The information process control center. Contains the four lobes of the brain.117
5193273166Frontal LobeWhat is this?118
5193273167Frontal LobeResponsible for decision making, language, and planning.119
5193273168Frontal LobeIncludes the motor cortex and broca's area.120
5193273169Motor CortexWhat is this?121
5193273170Motor CortexResponsible for voluntary movement.122
5193273171Broca's AreaWhat is this?123
5193273172Broca's AreaResponsible for speech production.124
5193273173SymmetricThe lobes on both sides of the brain are ____________.125
5193273174Parietal LobeWhat is this?126
5193273175Parietal LobeResponsible for pain, temperature, and touch.127
5193273176Parietal LobeInvolves the sensory cortex.128
5193273177Sensory CortexReceives sensory information. A part of the parietal lobe.129
5193273178Occipital LobeWhat is this?130
5193273179Occipital LobeResponsible for vision.131
5193273180Temporal LobeWhat is this?132
5193273181Temporal LobeResponsible for auditory/hearing.133
5193273182Temporal LobeIncludes Wernicke's area.134
5193273183Wernicke's AreaWhat is this?135
5193273184Wernicke's AreaResponsible for speech and language understanding.136
5193273185AphasiaA language impairment. Occurs because of damage to broca's or wernicke's area.137
5193273186Association AreasAreas of the cerebral cortex that are involved in specialized higher order mental functions.138
5193273187Association AreasExamples of this are broca's and wernicke's area.139
5193273188Corpus CollosumWhat is this?140
5193273189Corpus CollosumA band of nerve fibers that separate the right and left hemispheres of the brain.141
5193273190CerebellumWhat is this?142
5193273191CerebellumStores implicit memories and is responsible for balance and coordination.143
5193273192Spinal CordWhat is this?144
5193273193Brain PlasticityAnother name for this is neuroplasticity.145
5193273194Brain PlasticityThe brain's ability to change and adapt in response to damage or new experiences.146
5193273195Behavior GeneticsStudy our differences and weigh the effects and interpretation of heredity and environment.147
5193273196EpigeneticsStudying the molecular mechanisms by which environments trigger genetic expression.148
5193273197Twin StudiesTwo studies where you control the home environment while varying heritability or vice versa.149
5193273198MonozygoticIdentical twins. Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms.150
5193273199HeritabilityThe extent to which variation among individuals can be attributed to their differing genes.151
5193273200Diathesis - Stress ModelAttempts to explain behavior as a pre dispositional vulnerability together with stress from life experiences.152
5193273201PETThe most invasive brain scan. Shows detailed look at the functions of the brain because of the injected radioactive material.153
5193273202EEGMeasures the brain's electrical activity.154
5193273203MRIUses magnets to take still pictures of soft tissue. Shows the structure of the brain.155
5193273204fMRShows the structure and function of the brain by measuring changes in the blood flow.156
5193273205Split - Brain ResearchResearch performed on patients who have had their corpus collosum severed and hemispheres operate individually.157
5193273206LeftThe (left/right) brain is responsible for speech.158
5193273207RightThe (left/right) brain is responsible for perception.159
5193273208Dual ProcessingThe principle that the brain processes information simultaneously on two separate tracks. (conscious and unconscious)160
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