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| 13060603473 | Personality | Definition: an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting Application: What a person is like | 0 | |
| 13060603474 | Psychoanalysis | Definition: Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions. Application: Just Freud's ideas, no one else's | 1 | |
| 13060603475 | Humanistic approach | Definition: psychological approach that focuses on our inner capacities for growth and self-fulfillment Application: more personal approach | 2 | |
| 13060603476 | unconscious | Definition: according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware. Application: The large portion of the iceberg below the water surface | 3 | |
| 13060603477 | preconscious | Definition: In Freud's theory, thoughts and feelings that are unconscious but readily retrievable to consciousness Application: You may not be consciously thinking of your address, but you could recall it at any time. | 4 | |
| 13060603478 | manifest content | Definition: the remembered content of dreams Application: Having a dream about a dove | 5 | |
| 13060603479 | latent content | Definition: the underlying meanings of dreams Application: Having a dream about a dove, but the dove is really a metaphor for repressed love | 6 | |
| 13060603480 | free association | Definition: in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing. | 7 | |
| 13060603481 | Id | Definition: a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. This system operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification Application: the devil on your shoulder | 8 | |
| 13060603482 | Pleasure principle | Definition: the principle of seeking immediate gratification Application: You're hungry, so you steal food from the nearest convenience store. | 9 | |
| 13060603483 | Ego | Definition: the largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. This system operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain Application: The referee in the middle, between the angel and devil | 10 | |
| 13060603484 | Reality Principle | Definition: the principle of gratifying the id's impulses in realistic ways that will bring long-term pleasure Application: You're hungry, but you know it's against the law to steal, so you wait until you get home to have a snack. | 11 | |
| 13060603485 | Superego | Definition: the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscience) and for future aspirations Application: the angel on your shoulder | 12 | |
| 13060603486 | ideal | Definition: conception of something in its most perfect form | 13 | |
| 13060603487 | Psychosexual stages | Definition: the childhood stages of development during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones Application: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital | 14 | |
| 13060603488 | Erogenous zones | Definition: pleasure-sensitive areas of the body Application: the oral stage from 0-18 months focuses on the pleasure-sensitive area of the mouth. | 15 | |
| 13060603489 | Phallic stage | Definition: (3-6 years) Pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings Application: Oedipus complex during this stage | 16 | |
| 13060603490 | Oedipus complex | Definition: according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father Application: based on the play | 17 | |
| 13060603491 | Electra complex | Definition: the parallel of the Oedipus complex, but for girls | 18 | |
| 13060603492 | Identification | Definition: according to Freud, the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos Application: You're parents teach you the golden rule, so you begin to identify with it yourself | 19 | |
| 13060603493 | gender identity | Definition: our sense of being male or female Application: Freud believed our identification with the same-sex parent provides this | 20 | |
| 13060603494 | fixation | Definition: according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved Application: A person who had been either orally overindulged or deprived (perhaps by abrupt, early weaning) might do this at the oral stage and might continue to seek oral gratification by smoking or excessive eating | 21 | |
| 13060603495 | Defense mechanism | Definition: in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality Application: Repression | 22 | |
| 13060603496 | Repression | Definition: in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Application: Freud's most basic defense mechansim | 23 | |
| 13060603497 | Regression | Definition: Retreating to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated Application: A little boy reverts to the oral comfort of thumb sucking in the car on the way to his first day of school. | 24 | |
| 13060603498 | Reaction formation | Definition: Switching unacceptable impulses into their opposites. Application: Repressing angry feelings, a person displays exaggerated friendliness | 25 | |
| 13060603499 | Projection | Definition: Disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others Application: "The thief thinks everyone else is a thief" (an El Salvadoran saying). | 26 | |
| 13060603500 | Rationalization | Definition: Offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions Application: A habitual drinker says she drinks with her friends "just to be sociable." | 27 | |
| 13060603501 | Displacement | Definition: Shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person Application: A little girl kicks the family dog after her mother sends her to her room. Can also be non-physical, taking out anger by yelling at an innocent friend | 28 | |
| 13060603502 | Sublimation | Definition: Transferring of unacceptable impulses into socially valued motives Application: A man with aggressive urges becomes an MMA fighter | 29 | |
| 13060603503 | Denial | Definition: Refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities. Application: A partner denies evidence of his loved one's affair | 30 | |
| 13060603504 | Psychodynaic theories | Definition: modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences Application: more modern offshoots of Freud's theories | 31 | |
| 13060603505 | neo-Freudians | Definition: Literally "New Freudians"; followers of Freud who developed their own competing psychodynamic theories | 32 | |
| 13060603506 | Alfred Adler | -agreed with Freud that childhood is important, but believed that childhood social tensions, not sexual tensions, are crucial for personality formation -proposed the inferiority complex -believed that much of our behavior is driven by efforts to conquer feelings of childhood inferiority that trigger our striving for superiority and power | 33 | |
| 13060603507 | Karen Horney | -agreed with Freud that childhood is important, but believed that childhood social tensions, not sexual tensions, are crucial for personality formation -said childhood anxiety triggers our desire for love and security -attempted to balance the bias she detected in Freud's masculine view of psychology. ---countered Freud's assumptions that women have weak superegos and suffer "penis envy" | 34 | |
| 13060603508 | Carl Jung | -"Crown prince" successor who split from Freud -placed less emphasis on the social factors that Adler and Horney believed in -agreed with Freud that the unconscious exerts a powerful influence -But he also believed the unconscious contains more than our repressed thoughts and feelings ---Believed we have a collective unconscious | 35 | |
| 13060603509 | collective unconscious | Definition: Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of images (archetypes) and memory traces from our species' history. Application: We remember where we were and what we were doing when we heard about the Boston Marathon bombing | 36 | |
| 13060603510 | inferiority complex | Definition: Adler's conception of a basic feeling of inadequacy stemming from childhood experiences | 37 | |
| 13060603511 | Projective tests | Definition: a personality test that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics. Application: TAT or inkblot tests | 38 | |
| 13060603512 | Thematic apperception test (TAT) | Definition: Henry Murray's projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes. |  | 39 |
| 13060603513 | Henry Murray | -created the thematic apperception test | 40 | |
| 13060603514 | Rorschach inkblot test | Definition: the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots |  | 41 |
| 13060603515 | Inkblot reliability | Definition: the tests do not yield consistent results | 42 | |
| 13060603516 | Inkblot validity | Definition: few tests have demonstrated the ability to predict what they are supposed to predict | 43 | |
| 13060603517 | False consensus effect | Definition: the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors Application: defends our self-esteem and deters anxiety | 44 | |
| 13060603518 | Terror management | Definition: a theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death | 45 | |
| 13060603519 | Humanistic theories | Definition: view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth Application: Happy psychology | 46 | |
| 13060603520 | Abraham Maslow | -proposed that human motivations form a hierarchy of needs ---if basic needs are fulfilled, people will strive toward self-actualization and self-transcendence | 47 | |
| 13060603521 | hierarchy of needs | Definition: Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active |  | 48 |
| 13060603522 | Self-actualization | Definition: according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential Application: DMS motto, "be the best you can be" | 49 | |
| 13060603523 | Self-transcendence | Definition: meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self Application: tippity-top of Maslow's pyramid | 50 | |
| 13060603524 | peak experiences | Definition: according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved Application: moments of morality, creativity, sponteneity, etc. | 51 | |
| 13060603525 | Carl Rogers | -created the person-centered (client-centered) perspective -suggested that the ingredients of a growth-promoting environment are genuineness, acceptance, and empathy -Believed you didn't even need medicine or a psychiatrist, just an alteration of attitude. (Therapist can be a support, but you can just help yourself) | 52 | |
| 13060603526 | Person-centered perspective | Definition: the perspective that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies. Given the right environment, their personality will develop fully and normally Application: Also called the client-centered perspective | 53 | |
| 13060603527 | Genuineness | Definition: When people are open with their own feelings, when they drop their facades, and when they are transparent and self-disclosing | 54 | |
| 13060603528 | Acceptance | Definition: When people offer unconditional positive regard | 55 | |
| 13060603529 | Unconditional positive regard | Definition: according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person | 56 | |
| 13060603530 | Empathy | Definition: When people share and mirror other's feelings and reflect their meanings | 57 | |
| 13060603531 | Self-concept | Definition: all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | 58 | |
| 13060603532 | ideal self | Definition: one's perception of whom one should be or would like to be | 59 | |
| 13060603533 | subjective | Definition: based on or influenced by personal feelings, tastes, or opinions Application: criticism of humanistic psychology | 60 | |
| 13060603534 | naive | Definition: unsophisticated, showing lack of worldly knowledge and experience Application: criticism of humanistic psychology | 61 | |
| 13060603535 | Individualism | Definition: giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications Application: focus of humanistic psychology; focus found in western cultures | 62 | |
| 13060603536 | Gordon Allport | -trait theorist who saw personality as a stable and enduring pattern of behavior -sought to describe differences rather than explain them -first person to use the word trait to describe personality | 63 | |
| 13060603537 | trait | Definition: a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports Application: friendly | 64 | |
| 13060603538 | factor analysis | Definition: a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence (such as spatial ability or verbal skill). Application: people who describe themselves as outgoing also tend to say that they like excitement and practical jokes and dislike quiet reading | 65 | |
| 13060603539 | Myers-Briggs Type Indicator | Definition: A common personality test that sorts people into Carl Jung's 16 personality types after a series of 126 personality-based questions. Application: Mediator! (Question Example: "Do you usually value sentiment more than logic, or value logic more than sentiment?") | 66 | |
| 13060603540 | Personality Inventories | Definition: a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits Application: much more objective than projective tests | 67 | |
| 13060603541 | Empirically derived test | Definition: a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups. | 68 | |
| 13060603542 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | Definition: the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes | 69 | |
| 13060603543 | McCrae and Costa | -developed and researched the Big Five personality traits | 70 | |
| 13060603544 | Big Five Personality Traits | Definition: Concientiousness, Agreeableness, Neuroticism, Openness, and Extraversion Application: CANOE | 71 | |
| 13060603545 | Albert Bandura | -first proposed the social-cognitive perspective | 72 | |
| 13060603546 | social-cognitive perspective | Definition: views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context Application: Like nature/nurture, but with individuals and their situations | 73 | |
| 13060603547 | Behavioral approach | Definition: in personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development Application: a child with a very controlling parent may learn to follow orders rather than think independently, and may exhibit a more timid personality | 74 | |
| 13060603548 | Reciprocal determinism | Definition: the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment. Application: What social-cognitive researchers apply to personality | 75 | |
| 13060603549 | Positive psychology | Definition: the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive. Application: Originated from research on the effects of optimism and pessimism | 76 | |
| 13060603550 | Self | Definition: in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions | 77 | |
| 13060603551 | Spotlight effect | Definition: overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us). Application: When you wear a shirt 2 days in a row and you feel like everyone notices. | 78 | |
| 13060603552 | Self-esteem | Definition: one's feelings of high or low self-worth | 79 | |
| 13060603553 | Self-efficacy | Definition: one's sense of competence and effectiveness | 80 | |
| 13060603554 | self-serving bias | Definition: a readiness to perceive oneself favorably Application: People accept more responsibility for good deeds than for bad, and for successes than for failures | 81 | |
| 13060603555 | Narcissism | Definition: excessive self-love and self-absorption | 82 | |
| 13060603556 | Collectivism | Definition: giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. Application: focus found in many Eastern cultures | 83 | |
| 13060603557 | attributional style | Definition: a person's characteristic way of explaining outcomes of events in his or her life | 84 | |
| 13060603558 | Situational Assessment | Definition: the process of looking at how the circumstances surrounding an event influence people responding to that event | 85 | |
| 13060603559 | Martin Seligman | -positive psychologist who conducted experiments with dogs that led to the concept of "learned helplessness" and "learned optimism" | 86 |
