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ap psychology: chapter 18 Flashcards

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6598194875social psychologythe branch of psychology that deals with social interactions, including their origins and their effects on the individual.0
6598194876attribution theorya theory that supposes that one attempts to understand the behavior of others by attributing feelings, beliefs, and intentions to them.1
6598194877fundamental attribution errortendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another person's behavior.2
6598194878attitudea settled way of thinking or feeling about someone or something, typically one that is reflected in a person's behavior.3
6598194879foot in the door phenomenoncompliance tactic that involves getting a person to agree to a large request by first setting them up by having that person agree to a modest request.4
6598194880cognitive dissonance theorytendency for individuals to seek consistency among their opinions5
6598194881conformity normativeNormative social influence is a type of social influence leading to conformity6
6598194882social influenceSocial influence occurs when one's emotions, opinions, or behaviors are affected by others.7
6598194883social facilitationSocial facilitation, or the audience effect, is the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone.8
6598194884social loafingsocial loafing is the phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when they work alone.9
6598194885deindividuationconcept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention .10
6598194886group polarizationphenomenon that when placed in group situations, people will make decisions and form opinions to more of an extreme than when they are in individual situations.11
6598194887groupthinkphenomenon that occurs within a group of people in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.12
6598194888prejudiceunjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group.13
6598194889stereotypestereotype is a thought that can be adopted about specific types of individuals or certain ways of doing things.14
6598194890discriminationability to perceive and respond to differences among stimuli. It is considered a more advanced form of learning than generalization, the ability to perceive similarities, although animals can be trained to discriminate as well as to generalize.15
6598194891in-group/outgroupingroup is a social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member. By contrast, an outgroup is a social group with which an individual does not identify.16
6598194892scapegoat theorysocial psychological term that relates to prejudice. According to this theory, people may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger. In essence, they use the group they dislike as their target for all of their anger17
6598194893just world phenomenonterm referring to people's tendency to believe that the world is just and that people get what they deserve.18
6598194894aggressionhostile or violent behavior or attitudes toward another19
6598194895frustration aggressionfrustration, which is defined as "the state that emerges when circumstances interfere with a goal response," often leads to aggression.20
6598194896social trapsituation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.21
6598194897mere exposure effectpsychological phenomenon by which people tend to develop a preference for things merely because they are familiar with them.22
6598194898passionate loveintense feelings and sexual attraction.23
6598194899companionate loveinvolves feelings of mutual respect, trust, and affection while passionate love involves intense feelings and sexual attraction.24
6598194900equitythe quality of being fair and impartial.25
6598194901self disclosureprocess of communication by which one person reveals information about himself or herself to another.26
6598194902altruismthe belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others.27
6598194903bystander effectphenomenon that refers to cases in which individuals do not offer any means of help to a victim when other people are present.28
6598194904Social Identity TheoryMany "selves" that correspond to a specific group we fnd ourelves in29
6598194905GroupthinkWhen a group is focused on the harmony of the group they ignore the purpose of the group30
6598194906Defining principlesBehavior is... -effected by social context -effected by own culture -affected by "social self" -our view of the world is resistant to change31
6598194907Ecological ValidityHow people act of try know they are being observed/studied32
6598194908Qualitative researchUsed for in depth study of behavior and "why"33
6598194909Quantitative researchStudy of behavior using data34
6598194910Attribution theoryHow we explain someone else's behavior (personality/disposition/situational)35
6598194911Fundamental Attribution ErrorAssuming behavior (actor observe effect)36
6598194912Self serving biasTaking credit for success, denying fault for failures37
6598194913AttitudesBeliefs and feelings that make us respond to situations a certain way38
6598194914Foot in the door PhenomenonPeople who agree to a small action will later agree to a larger action (salesperson)39
6598194915Role playingAdopting a new role and following the social norms becomes a part of you (zimbardo)40
6598194916Cognitive ConsistencyMatch between persons thoughts and behaviors41
6598194917Cognitive DissonanceMismatch between attitudes and actions (make tension)42
6598194918ConformityAdjusting behavior to go along w a group (Asch exp.)43
6598194919AuthorityPeople comply more often with authority figures44
6598194920Normative social influenceConforming to a pos/neg disapproval from a group45
6598194921Informative social InfluenceConforming results in accepting others opinions46
6598194922CommitmentOnce people agree to something they feel committed to comply with further requests47
6598194923Low balling techniqueSecuring agreement before revealing cost (cialdini)48
6598194924LikingPeople comply with requests from people they like49
6598194925ReciprocityPeople feel they are committed to returning the favor50
6598194926Door in the face techniqueAsking of someone a large action they are likely to refuse then asking a second smaller action they feel obligated to take since they rejected you the first time51
6598194927ScarcityValuing things more when they are less available52
6598194928Social proofingPeople view a behavior as correct if they see others doing the same (setting example)53
6598194929Obedience PrinciplePeople are more likely to obey if they are answering to an authority figure (Milgram exp.)54
6598194930Social facilitationOne performs better in the presence of others55
6598194931Social loafingPeople put in less effort in a group56
6598194932DeindividualizationLoss of focus when in group situations57
6598194933Group polarizationExaggeration of members views through group interaction58
6598194934PrejudiceUnjustified attitude towards a group of people59
6598194935Stereotype/CategorizationGeneralized belief towards a group of people60
6598194936DiscriminationUnjustified behavior towards a group of people61
6598194937Social Reasons for Prejudice-social inequalities -in group/ out group bias (Tajfel exp.)62
6598194938In group biasFavoring ones group63
6598194939EthnocentrismBelieving your way of doing something is better than someone else's64
6598194940Scapegoat TheoryOutlet for anger by blaming someone else65
6598194941Vivid casesAvailability heuristic66
6598194942Illusory correlationsSeeing connection between a group of people67
6598194943Just world phenomenonWhen people see the world as they think it should be68
6598194944Stereotype threatWhen made known of stereotype you are more self conscious about being negatively evaluated69
6598194945Spotlight effectThinking everyone's looking at you when they aren't70
6598194946Confirmation biasSeeking info that confirms prejudice/pre existing beliefs71
6598194947AggressionAny behavior meant to hurt72
6598194948Frustration aggression principleAn increase in frustration leads to an increase in aggression73
6598194949CatharsisRedox anger through releasing tension (doesn't really make one feel better)74
6598194950ConflictIncompatibility of actions, goals or ideas75
6598194951Social trapBeing caught up in or own self76
6598194952Mirror image perceptionsWe see our enemies as bad as they see us77
6598194953Mere exposure effectRepeated exposure to something/one increases liking78
6598194954Passionate loveIntense positive attraction at its strongest79
6598194955Companionate loveDeep affection for those we see constantly80
6598194956EquityGive as much as you receive81
6598194957Self disclosureRevealing intimate details about yourself82
6598194958Bystander interventionYou are less likely to help if others are around to help for you (we assume)83
6598194959Diffusion of responsibilityLack of responsibility due to presence of others84
6598194960Social exchange theoryMax limiting benefits, minimizing costs85
6598194961ReciprocityReturning the favor86
6598194962Steps leading towards Peace-cooperation -communication -conciliation (trying to make it better)87
6598194963GRITGraduated Reciprocated Initiatives In Tension Reduction88

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