Thinking Critically with Psychological Science
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| 626522330 | hindsight bias | refers to the tendency to believe after learning an outcome that one would have foreseen it. | |
| 626522331 | critical thinking | Careful reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | |
| 626522332 | theory | explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events. | |
| 626522333 | hypothesis | testable prediction, often implied by a theory; testing the hypothesis helps scientists to test the theory. | |
| 626522334 | operational definition | A precise statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. | |
| 626522335 | replication | Process of repeating an experiment, often with different participants and in different situations, to see whether the basic finding generalizes to other people and circumstances. | |
| 626522336 | case study | Observation technique in which one person is studied in great depth, often with the intention of revealing universal truths. | |
| 626522337 | survey | Technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative, random sample of people. | |
| 626522338 | false consensus effect | Tendency to to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors. | |
| 626522339 | population | Consists of all the members of a group being studied. | |
| 626522340 | random sample | A sample that is representative because every member of the population has an equal chance of being included. | |
| 626522341 | naturalistic observation | Involves observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations. Without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | |
| 626522342 | correlation | is a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. Correlation coefficient is statistical measure of the relationship. +1.0 = perfect positive 0 = no correlation - 1.0 = perfect negative | |
| 626522343 | scatterplot | A depiction of the relationship between two variables by means of a graphed cluster of dots. | |
| 626522344 | illusory correlation | Perception of a relationship where none exists. | |
| 626522345 | experiment | Research method in which a researcher directly manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) in order to observe their effect on on some behavior or mental process (dependent variable); experiments therefore make it possible to establish cause-and-effect relationships. | |
| 626522346 | double-blind procedure | An experimental procedure in which neither the experimenter nor the research participants are aware of which condition is in effect. It is used to prevent any potential bias or placebo effect from taking place. | |
| 626522347 | placebo effect | Occurs when the results of an experiment are caused by a participant's expectations about whats really going on. | |
| 626522348 | experimental condition | Condition of an experiment in which participants are exposed to the independent variable being studied | |
| 626522349 | control condition | ... | |
| 626522350 | random assignment | ... | |
| 626522351 | independent variable | ... | |
| 626522352 | dependent variable | ... | |
| 626522353 | mode | ... | |
| 626522354 | mean | ... | |
| 626522355 | median | ... | |
| 626522356 | range | ... | |
| 626522357 | standard deviation | ... | |
| 626522358 | statistical significance | ... | |
| 626522359 | culture | ... |
