Terms : Hide Images
| 15252593826 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent (the participant believes there will be an effect, so there is) | 0 | |
| 15252593840 | naturalistic observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate the situation (ex: Jane Goodall), can describe behavior like case study and survey, which can lead to hypotheses and further understanding, but does not explain why behavior occurs | 1 | |
| 15252593832 | hypothesis | a testable prediction, usually implied by a theory | 2 | |
| 15252593877 | How are humans and animals protected? | Experiments must... -limit harm -get informed consent -minimize deception -explain the results in a debriefing -gain approval from university board | 3 | |
| 15252593841 | correlation | a measure of the extent to which two things relate and how well they predict each other(***does not measure causation), correlation coefficient is between -1 and 1 but will never be 1 in our class, try to see how close it is to either positive or negative 1 |  | 4 |
| 15252593835 | case study | study of one person in great detail in hopes of revealing basic truths, can suggest hypotheses for further study; however, can be misleading because the person could be atypical of the rest of the population. leading to false conclusions | 5 | |
| 15252593870 | causation | a cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable, can be shown through experimentation | 6 | |
| 15252593868 | representative sample | a sample that accurately reflects the characteristics of the population as a whole, ex: can do random sample from the school, but a representative sample would have same ratios of race, gender, or other characteristic as the school | 7 | |
| 15252593872 | scientific method | a method of investigation involving observation and theory to test scientific hypotheses, guide psychologists through research | 8 | |
| 15252593834 | replication | repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding works in different situations, increases confidence in finding's reliability | 9 | |
| 15252593851 | mode | measure of central tendency, the score that occurs the most | 10 | |
| 15252593850 | dependent variable | outcome factor, the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable | 11 | |
| 15252593847 | control condition | the condition in the experiment that contrasts the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment | 12 | |
| 15252593852 | mean | measure of central tendency, the average of all the data, not always good to look at bc it can be misleading, affected by outliers | 13 | |
| 15252593874 | positive correlation | A correlation where as one variable increases, the other also increases, or as one decreases so does the other. Both variables move in the same direction. |  | 14 |
| 15252593858 | scientific attitude, how does it encourage critical thinking? | scientific attitude combines skeptical thinking of various claims (what do you mean? how do you know?) with humility about our own ideas, encouraged critical thinking because you don't believe automatically, you test and think about it first | 15 | |
| 15252593848 | random assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, minimizing preexisting differences | 16 | |
| 15252593866 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth | 17 | |
| 15252593861 | How do psychologists decide whether differences are meaningful? | when it has practical significance, because statistical significance alone only shows likelihood of result, not the importance | 18 | |
| 15252593843 | illusory correlation | the perception of a correlation or a relationship between two sets of data when none exists, can happen when we ignore certain data that proves the correlation to be false, especially if we are invested in being correct | 19 | |
| 15252593849 | independent variable | the factor that is manipulated to observe an effect on the dependent variable | 20 | |
| 15252593854 | range | measure of variation, not a measure of central tendency, shows the difference between the top score and the bottom score, in other words, how much far the data is spread out | 21 | |
| 15252593844 | experiment | a research method that manipulates 1 or more ind. variables to see if there is an effect on the dep. variable, can show causation, holding other factors constant by random assignment | 22 | |
| 15252593865 | biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis | 23 | |
| 15252593853 | median | measure of central tendency, the "middle" of the data, what you ask for on the test if you want to know how well you performed compared to the rest of the class | 24 | |
| 15252593833 | operational definition | a statement of procedures used to define research variables, basically what a word means in terms of an experiment (very important because it helps other researchers replicate study to see if it is successful) | 25 | |
| 15252593857 | ethics | govern what is okay and what is not okay in university research | 26 | |
| 15252593831 | theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predict behaviors or events (observation that leads to a prediction) | 27 | |
| 15252593839 | random sample | a sample in which each person has an equal chance of being selected | 28 | |
| 15252593836 | survey | technique for getting self-reported behaviors and attitudes, typically by questioning a respresentative, random sample (must be carefully worded, slightest word change or order can affect results, in order to have a good survey it have a represntative sample and a quality questions) | 29 | |
| 15252593846 | experimental condition | the condition in an experiment that is manipulated and therefore, exposes participants to the treatment or one version of the independent variable | 30 | |
| 15252593855 | standard deviation | shows how far the data is from the mean, measure of variation, any score between 2 standard deviations below and above the mean is considered normal | 31 | |
| 15252593863 | reliability | does the test show similar results after several tries? | 32 | |
| 15252593876 | no correlation | there does not appear to be a relationship between two sets of data (0 correlation coefficient) |  | 33 |
| 15252593845 | double-blind procedure | a method in which both the experimenter and the subject do not know whether the subject is in the experimental or control group, limits bias or the placebo effect, commonly used in drug evaluations | 34 | |
| 15252593856 | statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance, important because if there is no statistical significance, your time was wasted; want it to be less than 5% meaning you are 95% sure of your prediction | 35 | |
| 15252593875 | negative correlation | as one variable increases, the other decreases |  | 36 |
| 15252593864 | validity | does the test measure what it claims to? (EX: a study may show reliability but what they are testing may have nothing to do with what they are trying to find out about behavior) | 37 | |
| 15252593828 | hindsight bias | the tendency of an individual to believe, after they are told about it, that they would have known an outcome or foreseen it ("I knew it all along" syndrome) | 38 | |
| 15252593842 | scatterplot | graphed cluster of dots, shows correlation, closely cluster means the correlation is strong, slope shows negative or positive correlation |  | 39 |
| 15252593869 | overconfidence | the tendency to know more or think we can do more than we actually can, scientific research helps sift out truth | 40 | |
| 15252593830 | critical thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions, but rather examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions | 41 | |
| 15252637457 | counfounding variable | the outside variable that's affected by the independent variable that might have an effect on the experiment | 42 |
