Terms : Hide Images
| 2932876578 | explain why psychologists are concerned with human biology | biological processes underlie every aspect of our behavior and mental processes. By studying the links between biology and psychology, biological psychologists achieve greater understanding of such behaviors like sleep, hunger, sex, stress, disease, depression and other human conditions | 0 | |
| 2932888964 | In the most basic sense, every idea, mood, memory, and behavior than an individual has every experienced is a ________________ phenomenon | biological | 1 | |
| 2932890731 | the theory that linked our mental abilities to the bumps on our skull was _______ | phrenology | 2 | |
| 2932893875 | researchers who study the kinks between biology and behavior are called ___________________________ | biological psychologists | 3 | |
| 2932898212 | explain why, at every level, our existence is both part of a larger system and a combination of smaller systems | Body organs such as the stomach, heart, and brain, which are composed of smaller systems (cells), form larger systems for digestion, circulation, and information processing, which are part of an even larger system- The individual as a person, who intern forms a part of the family, community, and a culture. we are bio-psycho-social systems | 4 | |
| 2932899054 | describe the structure of a neuron and the process by which an action potential is triggered | Each neuron consist of a cell body, branching fibers call dendrites that receive information from other neurons, and then extension fiber called an axon through which the neuron passes information to other neurons or two muscles or glands. Some axons are insulated with a myelin sheath, which helps speed neural impulses. And there'll impulse, or action potential, occurs if the excitatory signals minus the inhibitory signals received by the neuron on its dendrite or cell body exceeds the neurons threshold. Then, the gates of the axon open, allowing positively charged atoms to rush inside. This depolarizes that part of the axon, which causes the axons next chance open and leads to the electrical chain reaction by which electrically charged Adams ions travel down the axon into junctions with other neurons and with the muscles and glands of the body | 5 | |
| 2932904925 | describe how nerve cells communicate, and discuss the importance of neurotransmitters for human behavior | When action potential reaches the end of the axon, chemical messengers called neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic gap between the sending and receiving neuron. This junction is called a synapse. Neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron and have either an excitatory or inhibitory influence on that neurons tendency to generate its own action potential. If the receiving neuron receives more excitatory then inhibitory inputs, more neural impulses are generated. A particular neural pathway may use only one or two neurotransmitters, each of which may have a specific effect on behavior. | 6 | |
| 2932907048 | discuss the significance of endorphins, and explain how drugs influence neurotransmitters | Endorphins are morphinelike neurotransmitters found in the brain that are released in response to pain and vigorous exercise. The existence of endorphins may help explain good feelings such as the "runners high", the painkilling effective of acupuncture, and the indifference to pain in some injured people Drugs have a number of different effects on neurotransmitters. Some, agonists, mimic a particular neurotransmitter; other, antagonists, block a particular neurotransmitter. Still others interfere with the breakdown or reabsorption of a neurotransmitter. Opiate drugs, for example, may cause the brain to stop producing endorphins | 7 | |
| 2937813243 | Neurons | A nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | 8 | |
| 2937815855 | Dendrite | The bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 9 | |
| 2937822042 | Axons | The extension of a neuron, extended and branching terminal fibers, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands | 10 | |
| 2937826005 | Myelin sheath | A layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next | 11 | |
| 2937840071 | Action potential | a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane | 12 | |
| 2937847963 | Label the neuron | Cell body: The area around the green dot Dendrites: the spidery branches on the left side Axon: the yellow pieces in the middle Myelin sheath: The casing around the yellow Neural impulse: the impulse that travels from the left side to the right side Terminal branches of axon: the spidery branches on the right side |  | 13 |
| 2938136934 | Resting potential | The positive outside, negative inside polarization that occurs because an unmyelinated axon's membrane is selectively permeable | 14 | |
| 2938163865 | Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 15 | |
| 2938173572 | Synapse | The junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft | 16 | |
| 2938177954 | Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that traverse the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptors sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether it will generate a neural impulse | 17 | |
| 2938187877 | Reuptake | The process by which excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron | 18 | |
| 2938211558 | Dopamine | Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion Excess activity at dopamine receptors has been linked with schizophrenia If the brain is starved of dopamine, the brain produces the tremors and decreased mobility of Parkinson's disease | 19 | |
| 2938218752 | Serotonin | Affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal. Undersupply linked to Depression Prozac and similar antidepressant drugs raise serotonin levels | 20 | |
| 2938233875 | Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) | Serves inhibitory functions and is sometimes implicated in eating and sleep disorders, undersupply linked to seizures, tremors and insomnia | 21 | |
| 2938241828 | Acetylcholine | Works on neurons involved in muscle action, learning, and memory. The neurons that produce this vital chemical messenger deteriorate when a person has Alzheimer's disease | 22 | |
| 2942292526 | glutamate | a major exhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in memory; oversupply can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures | 23 | |
| 2938223543 | Norepinephrine | Helps control alertness and arousal, undersupply can depress mood | 24 | |
| 2938248516 | ACh | Is one of the best understood neurotransmitters. In addition to its vital role in learning and memory, ACH is the messenger every junction between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle | 25 | |
| 2938257963 | Endorphins | "Morphine within" - natural, opiate like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and a pleasure | 26 | |
| 2938278067 | Agonists | Excite by mimicking a particular neurotransmitter or blocking it's reuptake. An agonist can be a drug molecule that is similar enough to the neurotransmitter to mimic its effect. Some opiate drugs, for example, produce a temporary high that ampliiesy normal sensations of arousal or pleasure | 27 | |
| 2938287040 | Antagonists | Inhibit by blocking neurotransmitters or by diminishing their release. An antagonist can be a drug molecule that is enough like the natural neurotransmitter to occupy its receptor site and block it's effect but not similar enough to stimulate the receptor, rather like foreign coins that fit into, but won't operate, a soda or candy machine | 28 | |
| 2938302642 | Agonists and antagonists |  | 29 | |
| 2938311706 | Blood brain barrier | Enables the brain to fence out unwanted chemical circulating in the blood, and some chemicals don't have the right shape to slither through this barrier | 30 | |
| 2938330315 | Phrenology | The theory about the bumps and groves on the brain | 31 | |
| 2938359246 | Franz Gall | Suggested that bumps on the skull represented mental abilities, his theory, though incorrect, never the less proposed that different mental abilities were modular | 32 | |
| 2938364777 | Corpus callosum | Connects the two hemispheres of the brain | 33 | |
| 2938379598 | A baby's brain weighs less than... | 2 lbs | 34 | |
| 2938383474 | ________ neurocells are contained within the size of a grain of rice | 10,000 | 35 | |
| 2939110291 | we are each a ________, composed of _________ that are parts or larger _______. Our body's neural system is built from billions of nerve cells, or _________. | system subsystems systems neurons | 36 | |
| 2939241485 | the extensions of a neuron that receive messages from other neurons are the ___________ | dendrites | 37 | |
| 2939250339 | the extensions of a neuron that transmit information to other neurons are the _________; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the _________ which helps speed the neurons impulses | axons myelin sheath | 38 | |
| 2939271600 | the neural impulse, or ___________, is a brief electrical charge that travels down an ______. | action potential axon | 39 | |
| 2939279376 | the fluid interior of a resting axon carried mostly ____________ charged ions while the fluid outside has mostly__________ charged ions. This polarization is called the _____________________ and it occurs because the cell membrane is selectively ___________ | negatively positively resting potential permeable | 40 | |
| 2939298080 | an action potential occurs when the first part of the axon opens it gates and _______________ charged ions will rush in causing that part of the neuron to become ___________. | positively depolarized | 41 | |
| 2939307528 | during the resting pause following an action potential, called the __________________, the neuron pumps _______________ charged ions outside the cell. | refractory period negatively | 42 | |
| 2939329209 | in order to trigger a neural impulse, _________ signals minus ________ signals must exceed a certain intensity called the ______________. Increasing a stimulus above this level_________ increase the neural impulses intensity. This phenomenon is called a ________ response. | excitatory inhibitory threshold will not all-or-none | 43 | |
| 2939368001 | the strength of a stimulus ___________ affect the speed of a neural impulse. | does not | 44 | |
| 2939379337 | the junction between two neurons is called a __________ and the gap is called the _____________. | synapse synaptic gap/cleft | 45 | |
| 2939385689 | the chemical messengers that convey information across the gaps between neurons are called ____________. These chemicals unlock tiny channels on the receptor sites allowing electrically charged _________ to enter the neuron. | neurotransmitters atoms | 46 | |
| 2939397889 | Neurotransmitters influence neurons either by _______ or ___________ their readiness to fire. Excess neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the sending neuron in a process called ________ | exciting inhibiting reuptake | 47 | |
| 2939433036 | among the neurotransmitters that researchers have pinpointed are _____________, which influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. ___________, which affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal; ____________, which helps control alertness and arousal, and ___________ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter implicated in eating and sleep disorders. | dopamine serotonin norepinephrine gamma amino-buyric (GABA) | 48 | |
| 2939451539 | a neurotransmitter that is important in muscle contraction is _____________ | acetylcholine (ACh) | 49 | |
| 2939455051 | the poison ___________ produces paralysis by blocking the activity of this neurotransmitter (ACh) | curare | 50 | |
| 2939474557 | naturally occurring opiatelike neurotransmitters that are present in the brain are called _____________. When the brain is flooded with drugs such as __________ or _______ it may stop producing these neurotransmitters. | endorphins heroin morphine | 51 | |
| 2939493765 | drugs that produce their effects by mimicking neurotransmitters are called __________. Drugs that block the effects of neurotransmitters by occupying their _______________ are called ____________. | agonists receptor sites antagonists | 52 | |
| 2939509993 | the molecular shape of some drugs prevents them from passing through the _________________ by which the brain fences out unwanted chemicals | blood-brain barrier | 53 | |
| 2939515898 | the tremors of ________________ disease are due to the death of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter ___________ . People with the condition can be helped to regain control over their muscles by taking __________. | Parkinson's dopamine L-dopa | 54 |
