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| 8282735438 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior | 0 | |
| 8282735439 | neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | 1 | |
| 8282735440 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord | 2 | |
| 8282735441 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and the glands | 3 | |
| 8282735442 | interneurons | neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicated internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | 4 | |
| 8282735443 | dendrite | the bush, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | 5 | |
| 8282735444 | axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands | 6 | |
| 8282735445 | myelin sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly grater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next | 7 | |
| 8282735446 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon |  | 8 |
| 8282735447 | cell body | the cell's life-support center | 9 | |
| 8282735448 | terminal branches of axon | form junctions with other cells | 10 | |
| 8282735449 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | 11 | |
| 8282735450 | synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and he dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron |  | 12 |
| 8282735451 | reuptake | a neurotransmitter's re-absorption by the sending neuron | 13 | |
| 8282735452 | endorphins | "morphine within"--natural, opiate-like neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure | 14 | |
| 8282735453 | ACh | neurotransmitter that enables muscle action, learning, and memory | 15 | |
| 8282735454 | ACh producing neurons | Alzheimer's disease - associated with a deterioration of . . . ? | 16 | |
| 8282735455 | Dopamine | neurotransmitter that influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion | 17 | |
| 8282735456 | dopamine receptor | schizophrenia is associated with an excess of this neurotransmitter's receptors | 18 | |
| 8282735457 | dopamine | under-supply associated brain produced tremors and decreased mobility associated with Parkinson's disease | 19 | |
| 8282735458 | serotonin | neurotransmitter that affects mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal | 20 | |
| 8282735459 | serotonin | under-supply associated with depression, Prozac raises level | 21 | |
| 8282735460 | Norepinephrine | neurotransmitter that helps control alertness and arousal | 22 | |
| 8282735461 | GABA | a major inhibitory neurotransmitter |  | 23 |
| 8282735462 | glutamate | a major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory | 24 | |
| 8282735463 | GABA | under-supply linked to seizures, tremors, and insomnia | 25 | |
| 8282735464 | glutamate | excess can overstimulate brain, producing migraines or seizures | 26 | |
| 8282735465 | agonist | molecule similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor and mimic its effects | 27 | |
| 8282735466 | antagonist | molecule similar enough to a neurotransmitter to bind to its receptor and block the neurotransmitter's functioning | 28 | |
| 8282735467 | nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems | 29 | |
| 8282735468 | central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord |  | 30 |
| 8282735469 | peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | 31 | |
| 8282735470 | nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs |  | 32 |
| 8282735471 | somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the voluntary movements of skeletal muscles | 33 | |
| 8282735472 | autonomic nervous system | part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs. | 34 | |
| 8282735473 | sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations |  | 35 |
| 8282735474 | parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy |  | 36 |
| 8282735475 | reflex | a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response |  | 37 |
| 8282735476 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |  | 38 |
| 8282735477 | hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues |  | 39 |
| 8282735478 | adrenal glands | a part of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress |  | 40 |
| 8282735479 | pituitary glands | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands |  | 41 |
| 8282735480 | lesion | tissue destruction; in the brain, a naturally or experimental caused destruction of brain tissue | 42 | |
| 8282735481 | EEG | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp |  | 43 |
| 8282735482 | CT scan | a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body |  | 44 |
| 8282735483 | PET scan | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task |  | 45 |
| 8282735484 | MRI | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissues. Scans show brain anatomy |  | 46 |
| 8282735485 | fMRI | a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. Scans show brain function. |  | 47 |
| 8282735486 | brainstem | the oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull. Responsible for automatic survival functions |  | 48 |
| 8282735487 | medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing |  | 49 |
| 8282735488 | pons | part of the brainstem, above the medulla, that helps coordinate movements |  | 50 |
| 8282735489 | reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal | 51 | |
| 8282735490 | thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard; located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla |  | 52 |
| 8282735491 | cerebellum | the "little brain" at the rear of the brainstem; functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance |  | 53 |
| 8282735492 | limbic system | the overall system of the brain that regulates emotions and controls behavior. Includes the Hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus, and other structures. Donut-shaped neural system located below the cerebral hemisphere; associated with emotions and drives |  | 54 |
| 8282735493 | amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters in the limbic system; linked to emotion |  | 55 |
| 8282735494 | hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; it directs several body maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temperature), helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward |  | 56 |
| 8282735495 | cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information processing center |  | 57 |
| 8282735496 | glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons` | 58 | |
| 8282735497 | frontal lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments |  | 59 |
| 8282735498 | parietal lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position |  | 60 |
| 8282735499 | occipital lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes areas that receive information primarily from the opposite ear |  | 61 |
| 8282735500 | temporal lobes | portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes areas that receive information from the visual fields |  | 62 |
| 8282735501 | motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements |  | 63 |
| 8282735502 | sensory cortex | an area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations |  | 64 |
| 8282735503 | association area | areas of the cerebral cortex that are not involved in primary motor or sensory functions; rather they are involved in higher mental functions such as learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking | 65 | |
| 8282735504 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding) | 66 | |
| 8282735505 | Wernicke's area | controls language reception--a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |  | 67 |
| 8282735506 | Broca's area | controls language reception--a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |  | 68 |
| 8282735507 | angular gyrus | brain area involved in reading outloud by transforming visual representations into an auditory code |  | 69 |
| 8282735508 | visual cortex | receives written words as visual cortex |  | 70 |
| 8282735509 | plasticity | the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience | 71 | |
| 8282735510 | neurogenesis | the formation of new neurons | 72 | |
| 8282735511 | corpus callosum | the large bind of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them |  | 73 |
| 8282735512 | split brain | a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them | 74 | |
| 8282735513 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment | 75 | |
| 8282735514 | cognitive neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) | 76 | |
| 8282735515 | dual processing | the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | 77 | |
| 8282735516 | behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior | 78 | |
| 8282735517 | environment | every non-genetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us | 79 | |
| 8282735518 | chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | 80 | |
| 8282735519 | DNA | a complex molecular containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes | 81 | |
| 8282735520 | genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein | 82 | |
| 8282735521 | genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | 83 | |
| 8282735522 | identical twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms | 84 | |
| 8282735523 | fraternal twins | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment | 85 | |
| 8282735524 | heritability | the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The irritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied | 86 | |
| 8282735525 | interaction | the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) | 87 | |
| 8282735526 | molecular genetics | the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes | 88 | |
| 8282735527 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection | 89 | |
| 8282735528 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those that lead to increased reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | 90 | |
| 8282735529 | mutation | a random error in gene replication that leads to a change | 91 |
