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AP Psychology Chapters 1 & 2. (Meyers') Flashcards

Every important aspect and psychologists along with terms from chapter 1 and 2 in the Meyers' AP Psychology Textbook.

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1444236609Edward TitchenerFounded Structuralism and studied under Wilhelm Wundt.1
1444236610Max WertheimerFounded Gestaltism, which allows for the breakup of elements from the whole situation into what it really is.2
1444236611Applied ResearchDeals with solving practical problems and generally employs empirical methodologies, may be impossible to use a random sample.3
1444236612B. F. SkinnerMainly studied rats and pigeons, United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism. (1904-1990)4
1444236613Sigmund FreudNeurologist who originated psychoanalysis, which is a set of techniques for exploring underlying motives and a method of treating various mental disorders.5
1444236614HumilityBeing aware of our faults; openness to surprises and new ideas.6
1444236615Curiosity; Skepticism; HumilityThree main components of the scientific attitude.7
1444236616Correlation CoefficientA statistical record of the relationship between two things; -1.0 to +1.0.8
1444236617ScatterplotA graphed cluster of dots that represent the values of two variables.9
1444236618Naturalistic ObservationObserving and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate or control the situation.10
1444236619Placebo EffectExperimental results caused by expectation alone.11
1444236620Dependent VariableThe factor that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent factor.12
1444236621Independent VariableThe experimental factor being manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.13
1444236622Random AssignmentAssigning participants into experimental and control groups by chance, eliminates alternative explanations.14
1444236623ExperimentA research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process.15
1444236624Normal CurveBell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; 68% within 1 Standard Deviation; 95% within 2 Standard Deviation.16
1444236625Statistical SignificanceHow likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance.17
1444236626CorrelationHow well does A predict B; -1.0 to +1.0.18
1444236627Control GroupGroup that does not receive the treatment in an experiment.19
1444236628DebriefingThe post-experimental explanation of a study from the participants.20
1444236629Informed ConsentAn ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate.21
1444236630CultureThe lasting behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a group of people and passed from one generation to the next.22
1444236631Standard DeviationThe measurement of how much scores vary around the mean.23
1444236632MeanThe average; arithmetic. The sum devided by number of values.24
1444236633MedianThe middle value.25
1444236634ModeOccurs the most often.26
1444236635RangeThe difference between the highest and lowest values.27
1444236636Confounding VariableA factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. (i.e. gender, age)28
1444236637Experimental GroupThe group that receives the treatment in an experiment.29
1444236638Double-Blind ProcedureAn experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies.30
1444236639Illusory CorrelationThe perception of a relationship where none exists.31
1444236640G. Stanley HallAmerican psychologist who established the first psychology research laboratory in the United States and founded the american psychological association.32
1444236641Francis BaconEnglish politician, writer. Formalized the empirical method. "Novum Organum". Inductive reasoning.33
1444236642Educational PsychologyThe study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning.34
1444236643Human Factors PsychologyThe study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and environments.35
1444236644Industrial-Organizational PsychologyThe application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces.36
1444236645Francis GaltonEnglish scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields: heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, anthropology.37
1444236646Psychodynamic PsychologyA branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders.38
1444236647Counseling PsychologyA branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being.39
1444236648Willhem WundtGerman, tried to time the atoms of the mind; established first psychology lab and used introspection.40
1444236649John LockeEnglish empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience.41
1444236650EmpiricismThe view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation.42
1444236651Nature vs. NurtureThe long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors.43
1444236652Evolutionary PsychologyThe study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection.44
1444236653Experiemental PsychologyThe study of behavior and thinking through experiments.45
1444236654PhrenologyA now abandoned study of the shape of skull as indicative of the strengths of different faculties.46
1444236655FunctionalismA psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment.47
1444236656Behavioral PsychologyThe scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning.48
1444236657PiagetSwiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children.49
1444236658StructuralismAn early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind.50
1444236659Personality PsychologyThe study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting.51
1444236660Clinical PsychologyA branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.52
1444236661Adaptation (Evolving)A behavior or trait that helps an organism adjust and function well within a changing environment; increases chances of survival.53
1444236662PsychologyThe study of behavior and brain processes.54
1444236663Margaret Floy WashburnAmerican psychologist who studied animal behavior; first woman to receive a Ph. D. in psychology.55
1444236664Basic ResearchPure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.56
1444236665Developmental PsychologyThe branch of psychology that studies the social and mental development of children.57
1444236666John B. WatsonUnited States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology.58
1444236667Cognitive PsychologyThe scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication.59
1444236668Humanistic PsychologyHistorically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth.60
1444236669BehaviorismAn approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior.61
1444236670William JonesThe most influential early Functionalist. Highly influenced by Darwin's evolutionary theory that all characteristics of a species serve some adaptive purpose.62
1444236671Cognitive NeuroscienceThe branch of neuroscience that studies the biological foundations of mental phenomena.63
1444236672PsychometricsAny branch of psychology concerned with psychological measurements.64
1444236673PavlovRussian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs.65
1444236674Biopsychosocial ApproachAn integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.66
1444236675Levels of AnalysisThe differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon.67
1444236676Social-Cultural PsychologyThe study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking.68
1444236677Biological PsychologyBranch of psychology that studies the links between biological and psychological processes.69
1444236678Social PsychologyThe branch of psychology that studies persons and their relationships with others and with groups and with society as a whole.70
1444236679PsychiatryA branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; but provide medical treatment along with therapy.71
1444236680Natural SelectionA natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment.72
1444236681Hindsight BiasThe tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.73
1444236682Critical ThinkingThinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.74
1444236683HypothesisA testable prediction often implied by a theory.75
1444236684TheoryAn explanation woven into a set of principles to organize observations and predict behavior.76
1444236685SurveyA technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.77
1444236686PopulationAll the cases in a group being studied.78
1444236687Random SampleFairly represents a population because each has an equal chance of inclusion.79
1444236688Operational DefinitionsA statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.80
1444236689ReplicateTo repeat a research study, usually with different participants and in different situations, to confirm the results of the original study or to add credibility.81
1444236690Case StudyStudying one person in depth in hope of revealing universal principles.82

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