Some very useful vocabulary for chapter 9 on DAVID G. MYERS
Terms : Hide Images
| 208212645 | Memory | The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. | |
| 208212646 | Flashbulb Memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | |
| 208212647 | Encoding | The process of putting information to the memory system. | |
| 208212648 | Storage | The retention of encoded information over time. | |
| 208212649 | Retrieval | The process of getting the information of the memory storage. | |
| 208212650 | Sensory Memory | A type of short term memory that has a very short duration, but stores massive amount of information. | |
| 208212651 | Short Term Memory | A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited. 7 +/- 2. | |
| 208212652 | Long Term Memory | A relatively permanent storage of memory with unlimited capacity. It's subdivided into explicit memory and implicit memory. | |
| 208212653 | Automatic Processing | An unconscious encoding of information about space, time and frequency that occurs without interfering with our thinking. | |
| 208212654 | Effortful Processing | An encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort. | |
| 208212655 | Rehearsal | A conscious repetition of information to either maintain information in the short term memory or to encode it for storage. | |
| 208212656 | Spacing Effect | The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study. | |
| 208212657 | Serial Position Effect | A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect). | |
| 208212658 | Visual Encoding | The encoding of picture images. | |
| 208212659 | Acoustic Encoding | The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. | |
| 208212660 | Semantic Encoding | Associated with the deep processing, emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input. | |
| 208212661 | Imagery | Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. | |
| 208212662 | Mnemonics | A memory aid, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | |
| 208212663 | Chunking | Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically. | |
| 208212664 | Iconic Memory | A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; capacity is seemingly immense while duration is rather short at a few tenths of a second | |
| 208212665 | Echoic memory | Stores the sounds we have heard for about 3 to 4 seconds. | |
| 208212666 | Long Term Potentiation | An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily. | |
| 208212667 | Amnesia | Loss of memory. | |
| 208212668 | Implicit memory | Retention without conscious recollection. | |
| 208212669 | Explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. | |
| 208212670 | Recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier. Type of retrieval. | |
| 208212671 | Recognition | A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned. | |
| 208212672 | Relearning | A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. | |
| 208212673 | Priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. | |
| 208212674 | Déjà vu | the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" caused by retrieval cues activating memory of a previous experience. | |
| 208212675 | Mood-congruent Memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. | |
| 208212676 | Proactive Interference | The process by which old memories prevent the retrieval of newer memories. | |
| 208212677 | Retroactive Interference | The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories. | |
| 208212678 | Repression | The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud. | |
| 208212679 | Misinformation Effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | |
| 208212680 | State Dependent Memory | The impact of a physiological state such as being on drugs has on recall. | |
| 208212681 | Cognition | All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing and remembering. | |
| 208212682 | Concepts | Mental representations of related things. | |
| 208212683 | Prototypes | The most typical examples of a concept. | |
| 208212684 | Schemas | The frameworks of basic ideas and preconceptions about people, objects, and events based on past experiences. | |
| 208212685 | Algorithm | Problem-solving strategy that involves a step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution to certain types of problems. | |
| 208212686 | Heuristic | A problem-solving strategy used as a mental shortcut to quickly simplify and solve a problem, but that does not guarantee a correct solution. | |
| 208212687 | Insights | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem. | |
| 208212688 | Inductive Reasoning | Reasoning from the specific to the general. | |
| 208212689 | Deductive Reasoning | Reasoning from the general to the specific. | |
| 208212690 | Representativeness Heuristic | Tendency to judge the likelihood of things according to how they relate to a prototype. | |
| 208212691 | Availability Heuristic | Tendency to estimate the probability of certain events in terms of how readily they come to mind. | |
| 208212692 | Anchoring Heuristic/Effect | Tendency to be influenced by suggested reference point, pulling our response toward that point. | |
| 208212693 | Conformation Bias | Tendency to notice or seek information that already supports our preconceptions and ignore information that refutes our ideas. | |
| 208212694 | Fixation | The inability to see a problem from a new perspective. | |
| 208212695 | Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a way that has been successful in the past | |
| 208212696 | Functional Fixedness | The tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions | |
| 208212697 | Gambler's Fallacy | The tendency to assume something is likely to happen (coming up red) just because it hasn't happened recently. |
