Terms : Hide Images
| 9410443014 | Cognition | the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 0 | |
| 9410443015 | Concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 1 | |
| 9410443016 | Prototype | a mental image or BEST example of a category ex. Matching new items to the prototype provides a quick and easy method for including items in a category (ex: a prototypical "bird" might be a robin) | 2 | |
| 9410443017 | Algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. A well-defined instructions for tasks. | 3 | |
| 9410443018 | Heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone that algorithms. A technique that helps you look for an answer. | 4 | |
| 9410443019 | Insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions | 5 | |
| 9410443020 | Convergent Thinking | Type of thinking that produces the single best solution to a problem | 6 | |
| 9410443021 | Divergent Thinking | Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem | 7 | |
| 9410443022 | Confirmation Bias | a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions | 8 | |
| 9410443023 | Fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective; an impediment to problem solving. | 9 | |
| 9410443024 | Mental Set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially a way that has been successful in the past but may or may not be helpful in solving a new problem | 10 | |
| 9410443025 | Representativeness Heuristic | judging the likelihood of thing in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore relevant information | 11 | |
| 9410443026 | Availability Heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common | 12 | |
| 9410443027 | Framing | The way in which a issue is posed/ worded; this can significantly affect decisions and judgments | 13 | |
| 9410443028 | Belief Bias | the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid | 14 | |
| 9410443029 | Belief Perserverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has be discredited | 15 | |
| 9410443030 | Phoneme | in spoken language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 16 | |
| 9410443031 | Morpheme | in language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or part of a word. Ex. (ed, pre) | 17 | |
| 9410443032 | Grammar | In languages, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with language and understand each other | 18 | |
| 9410443033 | Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences; also the study of meaning | 19 | |
| 9410443034 | Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 20 | |
| 9410443035 | Deep Structure | the underlying meaning of the semantics - think "content" | 21 | |
| 9410443036 | Surface Structure | actual syntactic sequence/ pronunciation of the sentence - think "form" | 22 | |
| 9410443037 | Babbling Stage | beginning at 3-4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language | 23 | |
| 9410443038 | One-word Stage | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to age 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words | 24 | |
| 9410443039 | Two-word Stage | beginning at about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements | 25 | |
| 9410443040 | Telegraphic Speech | speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram--"go car"--using mostly nouns and verbs and omitting "auxiliary words | 26 | |
| 9410443041 | Skinner and Operant Conditioning | believed that we can explain language development with familiar behavioral principles, such as association; imitation; and reinforcement. In other words, NURTURE plays the biggest role in the development of language | 27 | |
| 9410443042 | Chomsky and Inborn Universal Grammar | agreed that we do learn the language in which we are raised he pointed out that children generate all sorts of sentences they have never heard and, therefore could not be imitating. We are all born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition. In other words, for humans, language is a basic instinct. | 28 | |
| 9410443043 | Benjamin Whorf | contended that language determines the way we think | 29 | |
| 9410443044 | Whorf's Hypothesis | that language determines the way we think | 30 | |
| 9410443045 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; and impediment to problem solving | 31 | |
| 9410443046 | Universal grammar | Noam Chomsky's theory that all the world's languages share a similar underlying structure. | 32 | |
| 9410443047 | Anchoring | The tendency for individuals to rely too heavily on a single piece of information. | 33 | |
| 9410443048 | Intuition | the ability to understand something immediately, without the need for conscious reasoning. | 34 | |
| 9410443049 | Amos Tversky + Daniel Kahneman | Prospect theory: people make decisions based on the potential value of losses and gains rather than the final outcome, and that people evaluate these losses and gains using certain heuristics. The model is descriptive: it tries to model real-life choices, rather than optimal decisions, as normative models do. | 35 | |
| 9410443050 | Critical Learning Period | the ability to acquire language is biologically linked to age. a critical period is a maturational stage in the lifespan of an organism during which the nervous system is especially sensitive to certain environmental stimuli. | 36 | |
| 9410443051 | Linguistic Determinism | Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think. | 37 | |
| 9410443052 | Artificial intelligence | a computer or machine that has been created to "think" like a human. The idea behind it is that human reasoning can be understood and defined based on input(your experiences) and output(your actions). When a human makes a decision, they consider certain important variables | 38 | |
| 9410443053 | linguistic relativity | the structure of a language affects its speakers' world view or cognition. Popularly known as the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, or Whorfianism, the principle is often defined to include two versions. | 39 |
