Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 4976981456 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |  | 0 |
| 4976981457 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. |  | 1 |
| 4976981458 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time. |  | 2 |
| 4976981459 | retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. | | 3 |
| 4976981460 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | | 4 |
| 4976981461 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. | | 5 |
| 4976981462 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | | 6 |
| 4976981463 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. | | 7 |
| 4976981464 | parallel processing | the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. |  | 8 |
| 4976981465 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |  | 9 |
| 4976981466 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |  | 10 |
| 4976981467 | rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |  | 11 |
| 4976981468 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |  | 12 |
| 4976981469 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |  | 13 |
| 4976981470 | visual encoding | the encoding of picture images. |  | 14 |
| 4976981471 | acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |  | 15 |
| 4976981472 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |  | 16 |
| 4976981473 | imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |  | 17 |
| 4976981474 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |  | 18 |
| 4976981475 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. |  | 19 |
| 4976981476 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |  | 20 |
| 4976981477 | echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |  | 21 |
| 4976981478 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |  | 22 |
| 4976981479 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |  | 23 |
| 4976981480 | amnesia | the loss of memory. |  | 24 |
| 4976981481 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.) |  | 25 |
| 4976981482 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) |  | 26 |
| 4976981483 | hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |  | 27 |
| 4976981484 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |  | 28 |
| 4976981485 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |  | 29 |
| 4976981486 | relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |  | 30 |
| 4976981487 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. |  | 31 |
| 4976981488 | déjà vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. |  | 32 |
| 4976981489 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |  | 33 |
| 4976981490 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |  | 34 |
| 4976981491 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | | 35 |
| 4976981492 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |  | 36 |
| 4976981493 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |  | 37 |
| 4976981494 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. |  | 38 |
| 4976981495 | serial processing | occurs when the brain computes information step-by-step in a methodical and linear matter |  | 39 |
| 4977010332 | elaborative rehearsal | a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over | 40 | |
| 4977058279 | maintenance rehearsal | repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory |  | 41 |
| 4977076984 | procedural memory | a part of the long-term memory that is responsible for knowing how to do things, also known as motor skills |  | 42 |
| 4977082447 | episodic memory | A category of long-term memory that involves the recollection of specific events, situations and experiences. | 43 | |
| 4977112926 | context effects | common retrieval cue, memory aided by being in physical location where encoding took place |  | 44 |
| 4977148560 | recency | recall is strongest for items at the end of a list. |  | 45 |
| 4977154459 | primacy | recall is strongest at the beginning of list |  | 46 |
| 4977170186 | state-dependent | the theory that information learned in a particular state of mind (e.g., depressed, happy, somber) is more easily recalled when in that same state of mind. |  | 47 |
| 4977189485 | pegword | process of remembering a rhyme that associates numbers with words and words with the items to be remembere |  | 48 |
| 4977195731 | method of loci | A mnemonic technique that involves associating items on a list with a sequence of familiar physical locations |  | 49 |
| 4977202672 | availability heuristics | a shortcut in decision-making that relies on the information that is most readily available, rather than the total body of information on a subject | 50 | |
| 4977208891 | representativeness heuristics | used when making judgments about the probability of an event under uncertainty |  | 51 |
| 4977240478 | algorithms | step-by-step | 52 | |
| 4977245951 | trial and error | the process of experimenting with various methods of doing something until one finds the most successful |  | 53 |
| 4977248972 | insight | when a solution to a problem presents itself quickly and without warning | 54 | |
| 4977254337 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning | 55 | |
| 4977262165 | framing | an example of cognitive bias, in which people react to a particular choice in different ways depending on how it is presented | 56 | |
| 4977274738 | fixation | an excessive attachment to some person or object that was appropriate only at an earlier stage of development | 57 | |
| 4977285068 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think about things only in terms of their usual uses; can be a hindrance to creative thinking |  | 58 |
| 4977293502 | prototypes | categorize | 59 | |
| 4977308597 | convergent thought | finding the one and only true answer to a question | 60 | |
| 4977308598 | divergent thought | alternative solutions or possible | 61 | |
| 4977313608 | belief preseverance | our tendency to maintain a belief even after the evidence we used to form the belief is contradicted | 62 | |
| 4977317403 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |  | 63 |
| 4977324595 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | Memorized nonsense syllables in early study on human memory |  | 64 |
| 4977329569 | Wolfgang Kohler | considered to be the founder of Gestalt Psychology. Insight in chimps |  | 65 |
| 4977332680 | Elizabeth Loftus | her research on memory construction and the misinformation effect created doubts about the accuracy of eye-witness testimony |  | 66 |
| 4977338300 | George A. Miller | he is considered to be one of the founders of Cognitive Psychology. He tests immediate memory by tasking people to repeat certain digits over a span of time. |  | 67 |
