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| 9643127291 | consciousness | our awareness ourselves and our environment | 0 | |
| 9643127292 | Biological Rhythms | periodic fluctuations in our bodies' physiological states, including annual variations in appetite, 90 minute sleep cycles, the 28 day menstrual cycle, and circadian rhythms | 1 | |
| 9643127293 | Circadian Rhythms | any regular bodily rhythm (body temperature, etc) that follows a 24 hour schedule | 2 | |
| 9643127294 | REM sleep | brain/eyes are active; muscles relaxed; vivid dreaming occurs; paradoxical sleep | 3 | |
| 9643127295 | Alpha waves | relatively slow brain waves; awake and relaxed state | 4 | |
| 9643127296 | sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness; needed for healthy functioning | 5 | |
| 9643127297 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences that occur without any sensory stimulus | 6 | |
| 9643127298 | delta waves | large, slow brain waves. deep sleep | 7 | |
| 9643127299 | insomnia | Recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. | 8 | |
| 9643127300 | narcolepsy | A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. | 9 | |
| 9643127301 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | 10 | |
| 9643127302 | night terror | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered | 11 | |
| 9643127303 | dreams | vivid sequences of images, emotions, and thoughts; occur during during REM | 12 | |
| 9643127304 | Manifest Content (Part of Dream Theory) | the remembered storyline | 13 | |
| 9643127305 | Latent Content | the underlying, but censored content of a dream | 14 | |
| 9643127306 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur | 15 | |
| 9643127307 | posthypnotic suggestion | a suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized | 16 | |
| 9643127308 | REM rebound | tendency for REM sleep to increase, following REM sleep deprivation | 17 | |
| 9643127309 | psychoactive drugs | alter mood and perception. mimic or block neurotransmitters | 18 | |
| 9643127310 | dissociation | split between different levels of consciousness; allows us to divide attention between more than one thought | 19 | |
| 9643127311 | tolerance | the diminishing of a psychoactive drug's effect that occurs with repeated use, requiring progressively larger doses in order to produce the same effect | 20 | |
| 9643127312 | withdrawal | refers to the discomfort and distress that follow the discontinued use of addictive drugs | 21 | |
| 9643127313 | physical dependence | physiological need for a drug that is indicated by the presence of withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken | 22 | |
| 9643127314 | psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions | 23 | |
| 9643127315 | depressants | Drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. | 24 | |
| 9643127316 | barbiturates | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system, reducing anxiety and induce sleep but impairing memory and judgment | 25 | |
| 9643127317 | opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety | 26 | |
| 9643127318 | stimulants | Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. | 27 | |
| 9643127319 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes | 28 | |
| 9643127320 | methamphetamines | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with sped-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels. | 29 | |
| 9643127321 | ecstacy (MDMA) | stimulant, mild hallucinogen; short term euphoria because of increased serotonin. Repeated uses causes problems with serotonin production and suppresses immunity. | 30 | |
| 9643127322 | hallucinogens | psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. | 31 | |
| 9643127323 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). blocks action of serotonin | 32 | |
| 9643127324 | THC | ingredient in marijuana; mild hallucination | 33 | |
| 9643127325 | near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest) | 34 | |
| 9643127326 | dualism | philosophical belief that the mind and body are separate entities | 35 | |
| 9643127327 | monism | belief that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing. | 36 | |
| 9643127328 | fantasy-prone personality | one with a vivid imagination and spends and unusual amount of time fantasizing | 37 | |
| 9643127329 | hypnagogic state | drowsy period between waking and sleeping; transient dream-like fantasies or hallucinations may occur | 38 | |
| 9643127330 | learning | any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience | 39 | |
| 9643127331 | associative learning | when organisms learn that two certain events occur together. two variations of associative learning are classical conditioning and operant conditioning | 40 | |
| 9643127332 | classical conditioning | learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes capable of triggering a conditioned response after having become associated with an unconditioned stimulus | 41 | |
| 9643127333 | behaviorism | The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes; Watson. | 42 | |
| 9643127334 | unconditioned response | In classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 43 | |
| 9643127335 | unconditioned stimulus | the stimulus that naturally and automatically triggers the reflexive unconditioned response | 44 | |
| 9643127336 | conditioned response | the learned response to previously neutral conditioned stimulus, which results from the acquired association between CS and US | 45 | |
| 9643127337 | conditioned stimulus | an originally neutral stimulus that comes to trigger a CR after association with an US | 46 | |
| 9643127338 | acquisition | the initial stage of conditioning in which the new response is established and gradually strengthened. the strengthening of a reinforced response (operant) | 47 | |
| 9643127339 | extinction | weakening of a CR when the CS is no longer followed by the US; operant- when the behaviour is no longer reinforced | 48 | |
| 9643127340 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | 49 | |
| 9643127341 | generalization | The tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | 50 | |
| 9643127342 | discrimination | the ability to distinguish the CS from similar stimuli that do not signal a US | 51 | |
| 9643127343 | operant conditioning | A type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. | 52 | |
| 9643127344 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus; Skinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning | 53 | |
| 9643127345 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | 54 | |
| 9643127346 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | 55 | |
| 9643127347 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. | 56 | |
| 9643127348 | shaping | operant conditioning; procedure for establishing a new response by reinforcing successive approximations of the desired behaviour. | 57 | |
| 9643127349 | reinforcer | any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | 58 | |
| 9643127350 | positive reinforcement | Presentation of a stimulus after a particular response in order to increase the likelihood that the response will recur | 59 | |
| 9643127351 | negative reinforcement | Removal of an aversive stimulus after a particular response to increase the likelihood that the response will recur | 60 | |
| 9643127352 | primary reinforcers | In and of themselves, rewarding things. (food, water, rest.) Natural properties are rewarding. | 61 | |
| 9643127353 | conditioned reinforcers | learned reinforcers, such as money, that develop their reinforcing properties because of their association with primary reinforcers | 62 | |
| 9643127354 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | 63 | |
| 9643127355 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | 64 | |
| 9643127356 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (every 3 books you read, you get $50) | 65 | |
| 9643127357 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling) | 66 | |
| 9643127358 | fixed-inteveral schedule | a response is reinforced after a specified time has elapsed (paycheck every two weeks) | 67 | |
| 9643127359 | variable-interval schedule | a response is reinforced after varying intervals of time (fishing) | 68 | |
| 9643127360 | punishment | Process of presenting an undesirable or noxious stimulus, or removing a desirable stimulus, to decrease the probability that a preceding response will recur | 69 | |
| 9643127361 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. |  | 70 |
| 9643127362 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | 71 | |
| 9643127363 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake | 72 | |
| 9643127364 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment | 73 | |
| 9643127365 | observational learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | 74 | |
| 9643127366 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | 75 | |
| 9643127367 | mirror neurons | Frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | 76 | |
| 9643127368 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior. | 77 | |
| 9643127369 | over justification effect | the tendency for intrinsic motivation to diminish for activities that have become associated with reward or other extrinsic factors | 78 | |
| 9643127370 | Little Albert | a famous case associated with the work of John Broadus Watson, who pioneered American behaviorism. In 1920, John Watson and his graduate student, who later becme his wife, Rosalie Rayner, conditioned an 11-month-old boy named Albert to be afraid of furry objects. First Albert was exposed to a white rat. Initially the child was not afraid of the rat: however, Watson and Rayner would strike a steel bar, which created a loud noise whenever the child would get near the animal. This created a conditioned (i.e., learned) fear in the child. This experiment has been used to demonstrate the behavioristic concept that fears are learned rather than the analytic concept that they are somehow the result of an unconscious process. |  | 79 |
| 9643127371 | Unconscious brain activity comes... | before conscious brain activity | 80 | |
| 9643127372 | novel tasks... | require conscious attention | 81 | |
| 9643127373 | sleep cycles | 4-6 complete ones, each about 90 minutes, early in the night most time in stage 3 and 4, 2 and REM sleep predominate later | 82 | |
| 9643127374 | sleep deprivation | a sufficient lack of restorative sleep over a cumulative period so as to cause physical or psychiatric symptoms and affect routine performance or tasks | 83 | |
| 9643127375 | sleep walk in what stage | stage 4 | 84 | |
| 9643127376 | sleep theories | Protective, regenerates, restore and rebuild memory, generates creative thinking, and support growth | 85 | |
| 9643127377 | activation-synthesis theory | dreams are caused by widespread, random activation of neural circuitry | 86 | |
| 9643127378 | wish-fulfillment theory | Dreams provide "psychic safe value" - accepting otherwise unacceptable feelings, dreaming of secret desires (manifest content & latent content) - a hidden meaning. | 87 | |
| 9643127380 | social-influence theory | hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness; its an extension of everyday social behavior | 88 | |
| 9643127381 | Bobo doll | Nursery school students observed an adult play aggressively (yelling & hitting) with an inflatable clown (Bobo); when children were later allowed to play with the Bobo, those children who witnesses the Bobo doll performed the same aggressive actions and improvised new ways of playing aggressively |  | 89 |
