note: epinephrine is a hormone NOT a neurotransmitter.
Terms : Hide Images
| 15215869643 | psychoactive drugs | a chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods | 0 | |
| 15215869644 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment. |  | 1 |
| 15215869645 | neuroadaptaion | the brain's chemistry adaptation to offset the drug's effect | 2 | |
| 15215869646 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. |  | 3 |
| 15215869647 | tolerance | the diminishing effects with regular use of the same drug, requiring the user to take larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect | 4 | |
| 15215869648 | REM (rapid eye movement) sleep | rapid eye movement sleep; a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. |  | 5 |
| 15215869649 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. | | 6 |
| 15215869650 | withdrawal | the discomfort and distress following the discontinuing use of an addictive drug | 7 | |
| 15215869651 | sleep | periodic, natural loss of consciousness—as distinct from unconsciousness resulting from a coma, general anesthesia, or hibernation. (Adapted from Dement, 1999.) |  | 8 |
| 15215869652 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus. |  | 9 |
| 15215869653 | psychological dependence | a psychological need for a drug to relieve negative emotions such as stress | 10 | |
| 15215869654 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. | | 11 |
| 15215869655 | physical dependence | a physiological need for a drug to relieve negative emotions such as stress | 12 | |
| 15215869656 | NREM sleep | non-rapid eye movement sleep; encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep. | | 13 |
| 15215869657 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep. |  | 14 |
| 15215869658 | depressants | drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions | 15 | |
| 15215869659 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. |  | 16 |
| 15215869660 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings. |  | 17 |
| 15215869661 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, these occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered. |  | 18 |
| 15215869662 | stimulants | drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions | 19 | |
| 15215869663 | dream | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. These are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the person 's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. |  | 20 |
| 15215869664 | hallucinogens | psychedelic "mind-manifesting" drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input | 21 | |
| 15215869665 | manifest content | according to Freud, the story of the dream. |  | 22 |
| 15215869666 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (symbolism of dream) |  | 23 |
| 15215869667 | alcohol | -affects the parts of the brain that help make decisions, involve impulse control, and memory -binds with GABA receptors making them more inhibitory, and it binds to glutamate preventing it from exciting the cell -also affects dopamine | 24 | |
| 15215869668 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep). |  | 25 |
| 15215869669 | barbiturates | drugs/tranquilizers that depress the central nervous system activity reducing anxiety and impairing memory and judgement -nembutal, seconal, amytal, -affects GABA | 26 | |
| 15215869670 | opiates | opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) which depresses neural activity, lessening pain and anxiety temporarily -affect natural opiates (endorphins) | 27 | |
| 15215869671 | heroin | -mimics natural opiates -binds to opiate receptor sites turning off dopamine inhibition -dopamine overstimulates cells which results in feelings of well-being and sedation | 28 | |
| 15215869672 | dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. |  | 29 |
| 15215869673 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity causing body functions and associated mood and energy changes to speed up -affects dopamine | 30 | |
| 15215869674 | methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the nervous system, which speeds up body functions and associated mood and energy changes -overtime it reduces baseline dopamine levels | 31 | |
| 15215869675 | cocaine | a psychoactive drug that is used for its euphoric effects -depletes brain's supply of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine -users become fidgety because it concentrates in the brain that controls voluntary movements | 32 | |
| 15215869676 | caffiene and nicotine | -triggers the release of norepinephrine and epinephrine which diminish appetite, boost alertness and mental efficiency -stimulates CNS to release dopamine and opiates -also affects ACh | 33 | |
| 15215869677 | addiction | compulsive drug craving and use, despite adverse consequences. |  | 34 |
| 15215869678 | ecstasy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant drug and mild hallucinogen -mimics serotonin, taken up by its transporters. excess serotonin in the synaptic gap binds repeatedly to the receptor sites overstimulating the cells -results in feelings of emotional elevation and connectedness with those around them "hug drug" | 35 | |
| 15215869679 | LSD (Lysergic acid diethylamide) | a powerful hallucinogenic drug that causes feelings of euphoria, detachment and panic -affects serotonin | 36 | |
| 15215869680 | marijuana | leaves and flowers of the hemp plant | 37 | |
| 15215869681 | THC | main active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects including hallucinations -molecules bind to cannabinoid receptor sites which turn off the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters so dopamine can be released freely | 38 | |
| 15215869682 | Dopamine | -associated with pleasure, addiction -rewards our brains when we do something adaptive -controls voluntary movements -influences learning, attention, alertness, emotion | 39 | |
| 15215869683 | Serotonin | -feelings of calmness and satiation -affects hunger, emotions, and moods (HEM) -regulates sleep, pain, arousal, dreaming (SPAD) -involved in perception | 40 | |
| 15215869684 | Ecstacy (MDMA) | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. |  | 41 |
| 15215869685 | GABA | primary inhibitory neurotransmitter; reduces anxiety | 42 | |
| 15215869686 | Acetylcholine (ACh) | -regulates movement -involved in some kinds of learning and memory | 43 | |
| 15215869687 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid (lysergic acid diethylamide). |  | 44 |
| 15215869688 | near-death experiences | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations. |  | 45 |
| 15215869689 | Epinephrine | -aka adrenaline: hormone which is excitatory -activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster | 46 | |
| 15215869690 | Norepinephrine | -aka noradrenaline: chemical which is excitatory -used in ANS and most regions of the brain -regulates alertness, arousal, -affects heart rate, memory, sleep, stress, sexual responsiveness, vigilance, appetite, | 47 | |
| 15215869691 | Endorphins | -pleasurable sensations (enhances the release of dopamine) -controls pain | 48 | |
| 15215869692 | Suprachiasmatic nucleus | (SCN) A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms | 49 | |
| 15215869693 | Glutamate | primary excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning and memory | 50 | |
| 15215869694 | Substance Use Disorder | Continued substance craving and use despite significant life disruption and/or physical risk. | 51 | |
| 15215869695 | antagonists | drugs that block the function of a neurotransmitter | 52 | |
| 15215869696 | agonists | drugs that increase the action of a neurotransmitter | 53 | |
| 15215877500 | selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus | 54 | |
| 15215880986 | inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | 55 | |
| 15215880987 | change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment | 56 | |
| 15215887402 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 57 | |
| 15215890512 | wish fulfillment | in dreams, the acting out of ideas and impulses that are repressed when one is conscious (Freud) | 58 | |
| 15215899543 | neuroadaptation | the user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect | 59 | |
| 15215905658 | Melatonin | sleep-inducing hormone | 60 | |
| 15215905659 | beta waves | smaller and faster brain waves, typically indicating mental activity | 61 | |
| 15215914829 | Monism | the presumption that mind and body are different aspects of the same thing | 62 | |
| 15215914832 | Dualism | the presumption that mind and body are two distinct entities that interact | 63 | |
| 15215921885 | cocktail party effect | ability to attend to only one voice among many | 64 | |
| 15215925119 | Blindsight | a condition in which a person can respond to a visual stimulus without consciously experiencing it | 65 | |
| 15215927598 | dual processing | principle that info is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | 66 | |
| 15215950564 | sleep paralysis | state of being unable to move just after falling asleep or right before waking up | 67 | |
| 15215950679 | sleep spindles | Short bursts of brain activity that characterize stage NREM-2 | 68 | |
| 15215962925 | hypnagogic sensations | sensations of falling or floating that are sometimes later incorporated into memories | 69 |
