Terms : Hide Images
| 8784963225 | Consciousness | the brain's model of internal & external experience 1. sensory awareness 2. direct inner awareness 3. sense of self | 0 | |
| 8784963226 | Levels of Consciousness | -conscious -preconscious -unconscious/subconscious -non conscious -altered states of consciousness | 1 | |
| 8784963227 | Conscious level | awareness: the information about yourself and your environment you are currently aware of example: your conscious level right now is probably focusing on these words and their meanings | 2 | |
| 8784963228 | Preconscious level | memories and stored knowledge: information about yourself or your environment that you are not currently thinking about (not in your conscious level) but you could be example: if asked to remember your favorite toy as a child, you could bring that preconscious memory into your conscious level | 3 | |
| 8784963229 | Unconscious/Subconscious level | cognition without awareness: information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist due to behavior example: research participants respond more quickly and/or accurately to questions they have seen before, even if they do not remember seeing them | 4 | |
| 8784963230 | Non-conscious level | automatic processes: body processes controlled by your mind that were are not usually (or ever) aware of example: right now, your non conscious is controlling your heartbeat, respiration, digestion, and so on | 5 | |
| 8784963231 | Circadian rhythm | the daily biological rhythms that occur in a 24-hour period and controsl: -sleep/wake cycle -body temperature -hormone levels -heart rate | 6 | |
| 8784963232 | EEG | measures brain activity | 7 | |
| 8784963233 | EMG | measures muscle tension | 8 | |
| 8784963234 | EDG | measures eye movement | 9 | |
| 8784963235 | sleep onset | the period when we are falling asleep (stage between wakefulness and sleep) | 10 | |
| 8784963236 | Why do we sleep? | -recuperate and remember 1. restore body tissue 2. increase production of immunity cells 3. reorganize & consolidate memories -growth 1. pituitary releases growth hormone 2. babies sleep 16 hours a day, adults 8 hours | 11 | |
| 8784963237 | Stage 1 of sleep | -transition (half awake) -hypnic jerk -hypnagogic hallucinations | 12 | |
| 8784963238 | Stage 2 of sleep | -onset of true sleep -respiration: slow --> regular --> deep -heart rate and body temperature decrease -eyes move slowly side to side -appearance of sleep spindles | 13 | |
| 8784963239 | sleep spindles | short bursts of rapid brain waves | 14 | |
| 8784963240 | Stage 3 + 4 of sleep | -slow wave sleep: delta waves (low-frequency) -deepest sleep -restorative sleep --growth hormones released --immune cell reproduction | 15 | |
| 8784963241 | Stage 4 of sleep | -sleep walking, talking, eating, and texting -night terrors - screaming (sit bolt upright) --highly active sympathetic arousal --developing nervous system | 16 | |
| 8784963242 | NREM (non-REM sleep) | non-rapid eye movement sleep: encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep -stages 1-4 | 17 | |
| 8784963243 | Alpha Waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state | 18 | |
| 8784963244 | Delta Waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep | 19 | |
| 8784963245 | REM Sleep | -rapid eye movement sleep -brain waves same as active alert -heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration increase -muscles paralyzed by the pons -"paradoxical sleep" -sleep paralysis -most, but not all dreams -- vivid and colorful -memory consolidation -REM sleep deprivation: REM rebound + interferes with memory | 20 | |
| 8784963246 | REM rebound effect | -will experience more and longer periods or REM | 21 | |
| 8784963247 | sleep chart |  | 22 | |
| 8784963248 | pineal gland | produces melatonin | 23 | |
| 8784963249 | melatonin | a hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness | 24 | |
| 8784963250 | Insomnia | -by far the most common sleep disorder -persistent problems getting to sleep or staying asleep | 25 | |
| 8784963251 | Insomnia treatment | -decrease coffee intake -don't exercise before bed -consistent sleep pattern -sleeping pills (with caution) | 26 | |
| 8784963252 | Narcolepsy | -suffer from periods of intense sleeping and may fall asleep at unpredictable an inappropriate times -may fall into REM sleep regardless of what they are doing at the time | 27 | |
| 8784963253 | Narcolepsy treatment | -medication -changing sleep patterns (naps multiple times a day) | 28 | |
| 8784963254 | Sleep Apnea | -causes a person to stop breathing for short periods during the night -causes someone to wake up slightly for air, then keep sleeping -robs a person of deep sleep -leads to tiredness and memory trouble -can be fatal -most often during REM sleep | 29 | |
| 8784963255 | Sleep Apnea treatment | -respiration machine | 30 | |
| 8784963256 | Night Terrors | -causes someone to scream in the middle of the night (usually just in children) -happens between stages 3 and 4 | 31 | |
| 8784963257 | Night Terrors treatment | -age (time) | 32 | |
| 8784963258 | Somnambulism | -sleepwalking or sleep talking -occurs during stage 4 sleep | 33 | |
| 8784963259 | Lucid Dreaming | -where we are aware that we are dreaming and can control the storyline of the dream | 34 | |
| 8784963260 | anatomy of a dream | -body and movement suppressed by pons -memory, emotion, auditory, and visual areas activated -external stimuli can be woven into a dream | 35 | |
| 8784963261 | Psychoanalytic Dream Theory (Freud) | -emphasizes dream interpretation as a method to uncover the repressed information in the unconscious mind -says that dreams were wish fulfilling - we act out our unconscious desires -sexual and aggressive instincts motivate behavior -repressed urges and wishes surface in dreams (psychic outlet) -*manifest content* -*latent content* | 36 | |
| 8784963262 | Manifest Content (part of Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream Theory) | -the surface storyline - contains symbols from the unconscious -the literal content of our dreams | 37 | |
| 8784963263 | Latent Content (part of Freud's Psychoanalytic Dream Theory) | -the underlying meaning of the symbols, usually sexual in nature -the unconscious meaning of the manifest content | 38 | |
| 8784963264 | Current uses in psychoanalysis | -reflects symbolism -dreams do reflect a deeper meaning and can reveal inner conflicts, fears and desires | 39 | |
| 8784963265 | Information Processing Theory | -dreams help to sift, sort, and fix the day's experiences in our memory (skiing example) -evidence: --we spend more time in REM while learning new material --if awakened before REM, perform worse on memory tasks | 40 | |
| 8784963266 | Physiological Function of Dreams | -develop and preserve neural pathways -fosters brain mapping -time spent in REM decreases with age | 41 | |
| 8784963267 | Cognitive Development of Dreams | -dreams reflect growing concept and knowledge -dreams help our brain to mature and develop -"practice" responses to potential threats | 42 | |
| 8784963268 | Activation-Synthesis Theory | ---origin of dreams: activation of brainstem circuits --> random activation of more sophisticated brain areas ---function of dreams: synthesis of memories emotions, and sensations triggered by activation - brain creates order out of chaos ---meaning: the way the brain weaves a story reveals something about the dreamer | 43 | |
| 8784963269 | Hypnosis | A systematic procedure that produces a heightened state of suggestibility with changes in perception, memory, and behavior | 44 | |
| 8784963270 | Social Role Theory | -subjects willingly comply with a social role --they WANT to be hypnotized and EXPECT that it will work -says that hypnosis is not an alternate state of consciousness at all (just that some people are more easily hypnotized than others) | 45 | |
| 8784963271 | Divided Consciousness/Dissociation Theory | -consciousness has divided into two streams --one hypnotized: responding to hypnotist suggesting --second: "hidden observer": still receives sensory input but blocks our attention to it | 46 | |
| 8784963272 | Hypnosis applications (effective) | -pain control --surgery --skin conditions --dental work -behavior control --weight loss --anxiety | 47 | |
| 8784963273 | Psychoactive Drugs | substances that alter consciousness, mood, behavior, and perception by altering neurotransmitter activity (agonists & antagonists) | 48 | |
| 8784963274 | Drug Abuse | drug use for other than intended purpose -prescription abuse (licit drugs) -illicit drugs (illegal) | 49 | |
| 8784963275 | brain reward pathway | VTA <---> nucleus accumbens <---> prefrontal cortex -most drugs: 2-10 times Dopamine (acts as reward) | 50 | |
| 8784963276 | Drug Categories | -anti-psychotics -stimulants -depressants -hallucinogens | 51 | |
| 8784963277 | Depressants | -decrease activity of the central nervous system (can't form memory) | 52 | |
| 8784963278 | Depressants examples | -Barbiturates: downers "chill pill" -Benzodiazepines: Valium, Xanax -club drugs: Rohypnol ("roofies", GHB) date rape -alcohol -opiates | 53 | |
| 8784963279 | Alcohol brain effects (Depressant) | -GABA agonist (slows nervous system) -memory effects -glutamate-> antagonist -smaller hippocampus -impaired adolescent memory function by 10% | 54 | |
| 8784963280 | Opiates (depressant) | drugs derived from the poppy plant -agonist for endorphins | 55 | |
| 8784963281 | Opiates examples | -opium -morphine -heroin -codeine -synthetic opiates: vicodin, oxycontin | 56 | |
| 8784963282 | Opium short term effects | -relieves pain, relaxation, and euphoria | 57 | |
| 8784963283 | Opium long term effects | -high potential for physical and psychological addiction --oxycodone, vicodin, gateway to heroin --difficult withdrawal (all deressants) --high risk for HIV infection | 58 | |
| 8784963284 | Stimulants | increase nervous system activity, heart rate, blood pressure, muscular tension | 59 | |
| 8784963285 | Stimulants examples | -cocaine -MDMA (ecstasy)Molly -"bath salts" -Amphetamines: speed, meth | 60 | |
| 8784963286 | Cocaine / Crack short term effects | -Euphoria -self-confidence -optimism | 61 | |
| 8784963287 | Cocaine / Crack long term effects | -nausea -paranoia -cardiac arrest -stroke -blocks Dopamine reuptake - destroys dopamine receptors -high risk for physical and psychological addiction | 62 | |
| 8784963288 | MDMA | -Ecstasy -Molly (less pure form of Ecstasy) | 63 | |
| 8784963289 | MDMA short term effects | -dehydration -visual hallucinations -tactile sensitivity -empathetic feelings -jaw-clenching | 64 | |
| 8784963290 | MDMA long term effects | -low potential for physical and psychological dependence -development of depression or panic disorder due to destruction of serotonin terminals | 65 | |
| 8784963291 | "bath salts" | -chemical version of the Khat plant | 66 | |
| 8784963292 | "bath salts" effects | -euphoria -increased sociability and sex drive -violence -increased visits to the ER - cardiac & psychiatric symptoms | 67 | |
| 8784963293 | Hallucinogens/Psychedelics | drugs that distort perception and evoke sensory images | 68 | |
| 8784963294 | Hallucinogens/Psychedelics examples | -LSD -PCP -Salvia Divinorum -Marijuana -Mushrooms | 69 | |
| 8784963295 | Marijuana | -dope, ganja, grass, Mary Jane, reefer, joints, pot, weed, blunt -current THC concentration 4 to 8x more than 20 years ago -location of the THC binding sites: hypothalamus, hippocampus, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, cerebellum | 70 | |
| 8784963296 | Marijuana long term risks | -addiction: increased concentration of THC may lead to dependence -anxiety: 20-30% report anxiety & panic attacks, paranoia -mood disorder: can bring on manic episodes, may trigger depression -psychosis: intensifies psychotic symptoms or increases risk of developing psychosis -drop IQ by 8 points -possible link to Schizophrenia | 71 | |
| 8784963297 | Synthetic Marijuana | -"spice" -"K2" -various plants mixed with chemicals | 72 | |
| 8784963298 | LSD (Hallucinogen) | -acid, boomers, cubes | 73 | |
| 8784963299 | LSD short term effects | -hallucinations -"bad trips" | 74 | |
| 8784963300 | LSD long term effects | -possible nightmares and flashbacks -risk of drug induced psychosis | 75 | |
| 8784963301 | Tolerance | -the brain will produce less of a specific neurotransmitter if it is artificially supplied by a psychoactive drug -this physiological change produces tolerance, a need for more of the same drug in order to achieve the same effect | 76 | |
| 8784963302 | Withdrawal | -occurs as consequence of drug use -dependence can be psychological, physical, or both | 77 | |
| 8784963303 | Psychologically dependent | -feel an intense desire for the drug -convinced that they need it in order to perform or feel a certain way | 78 | |
| 8784963304 | Physically dependent | -have a tolerance for the drug -experience withdrawal symptoms without it and need to drug to avoid those symptoms (vary from drug to drug) | 79 | |
| 8784963305 | Stimulants vs Depressants | Stimulants: speed up body processes Depressants: slow down body processes | 80 | |
| 8784963306 | Contributing Factors | 1. Nature of the drug -smoked or injected, faster acting, more addictive 2. Psychological factors -to feel good or better, curious, stress 3. Social factors -peer pressure, availability, family use 4. Biological factors - genetic factors, people with mental disorders. The brain "rewards" drug use so we "learn" to continue. | 81 |
