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| 9345087560 | personality | an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting | 0 | |
| 9345087561 | free association | in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing | 1 | |
| 9345087562 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | 2 | |
| 9345087563 | libido | sex drive | 3 | |
| 9345087564 | unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories; according to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware | 4 | |
| 9345087565 | id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives; it operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification | 5 | |
| 9345087566 | ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality; it operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain | 6 | |
| 9345087567 | superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations | 7 | |
| 9345087568 | psychosexual stages | the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which, according to Freud, the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones | 8 | |
| 9345087569 | Oedipus complex | according to Freud, a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father | 9 | |
| 9345087570 | Electra complex | a parallel to the Oedipus complex in which a girl lusts for her father and exhibits feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival mother | 10 | |
| 9345087571 | identification | the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos | 11 | |
| 9345087572 | gender identity | our sense of being male or female | 12 | |
| 9345087573 | fixation | according to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved | 13 | |
| 9345087574 | defense mechanism | in psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective method of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality | 14 | |
| 9345087575 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness | 15 | |
| 9345087576 | regression | psychoanalytic defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile psychosexual stage, where some psychic energy remains fixated | 16 | |
| 9345087577 | reaction formation | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites; thus people may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings | 17 | |
| 9345087578 | projection | psychoanalytic defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others | 18 | |
| 9345087579 | rationalization | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanation in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions | 19 | |
| 9345087580 | displacement | psychoanalytic defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet | 20 | |
| 9345087581 | collective unconscious | Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history Ex. Most everyone associates a mother with a nurturing female. | 21 | |
| 9345087582 | projective test | a personality test, such as the Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projective of one's inner dynamics | 22 | |
| 9345087583 | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes | 23 | |
| 9345087584 | Rorschach inkblot test | the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, which seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots | 24 | |
| 9345087585 | terror management theory | proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death | 25 | |
| 9345087586 | self actualization | according to Maslow, the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential | 26 | |
| 9345087587 | unconditional positive regard | according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person | 27 | |
| 9345087588 | self concept | one's sense of identity and personal growth; all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" | 28 | |
| 9345087589 | trait | a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports | 29 | |
| 9345087590 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure used to identify clusters of test items that tap basic components of intelligence such as spatial ability or verbal skill | 30 | |
| 9345087591 | personality inventory | a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits | 31 | |
| 9345087592 | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) | the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality test; originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes | 32 | |
| 9345087593 | empirically derived test | a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups | 33 | |
| 9345087594 | social cognitive perspective | perspective that views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons (and their thinking) and their social context | 34 | |
| 9345087595 | reciprocal determinism | the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors | 35 | |
| 9345087596 | personal control | our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless | 36 | |
| 9345087597 | external locus of control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate aka the "fault in our stars" | 37 | |
| 9345087598 | internal locus of control | the perception that one controls one's own fate "The fault, dear Brutus, is not in our stars, but in ourselves." | 38 | |
| 9345087599 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | 39 | |
| 9345087600 | positive psychology | the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive | 40 | |
| 9345087601 | possible selves | these can include the visions of the self that one dreams of becoming or one fears becoming | 41 | |
| 9345087602 | spotlight effect | overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us) | 42 | |
| 9345087603 | self esteem | one's feelings of high or low self-worth | 43 | |
| 9345087604 | self serving bias | a readiness to perceive oneself favorably | 44 | |
| 9345087605 | Alfred Adler | This psychologist believed that people were motivated by inferiority (inferiority complex) and superiority. | 45 | |
| 9345087606 | Paul Costa | This psychologist was associated with the Five-Factor model of personality (CANOE), worked with Robert McCrae. | 46 | |
| 9345087607 | Carl Jung | This psychologist was a Neo-Freudian who created the concept of the "collective unconscious" and felt that libido is all types of energy, not just sexual. | 47 | |
| 9345087608 | conscientiousness | included in the "Five Factor" model, this describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized; thoughtful of others | 48 | |
| 9345087609 | agreeableness | included in the "Five Factor" model, this describes how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is | 49 | |
| 9345087610 | neuroticism | included in the "Five Factor" model, this refers to the degree of emotional instability or stability | 50 | |
| 9345087611 | openness | included in the "Five Factor" model, this refers to one's willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences | 51 | |
| 9345087612 | extraversion | included in the "Five Factor" model, this is a personality dimension describing someone who is sociable, gregarious, and assertive | 52 | |
| 9345087613 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 53 | |
| 9345087614 | zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo | 54 | |
| 9345087615 | differentiation | process in which cells of a zygote specialize in structure and function | 55 | |
| 9345087616 | placenta | the material formed by the attachment of the zygote's outer part to the uterine wall that provides for the nourishment of the fetus and the elimination of its waste products | 56 | |
| 9345087617 | embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month | 57 | |
| 9345087618 | fetus | the developing human organism from about 2 months after fertilization through birth | 58 | |
| 9345087619 | teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | 59 | |
| 9345087620 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking; in severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial disproportions | 60 | |
| 9345087621 | rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple | 61 | |
| 9345087622 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation; as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner | 62 | |
| 9345087623 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | 63 | |
| 9345087624 | schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information | 64 | |
| 9345087625 | assimilation | interpreting one's new experience in terms of one's existing schemas ex. A three year old knows a dog as a fuzzy, four-legged critter with a tail. She sees a cat and then believes that it is a dog. | 65 | |
| 9345087626 | accommodation | adapting one's current schemas to incorporate new information ex. A three year old thinks that a cat is a dog. After realizing that it is not a dog, she changes her definition of a dog so that it is more specific. | 66 | |
| 9345087627 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 67 | |
| 9345087628 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage from birth to about 2 years of age during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities experiencing the world through sense and action | 68 | |
| 9345087629 | object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived; typically part of the sensorimotor stage Ex. Toddlers lack this because when you play peek-a-boo with them, in their minds, you literally disappear. | 69 | |
| 9345087630 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage from about 2 to 6/7 years of age during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic representing things with words and images; use intuitive rather than logical reasoning | 70 | |
| 9345087631 | conservation | the principle which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of object Ex. In the image, the toddler does not realize that both containers hold the same amount of water. |  | 71 |
| 9345087632 | egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view | 72 | |
| 9345087633 | theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict | 73 | |
| 9345087634 | autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind | 74 | |
| 9345087635 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development from about 6/7 to 11 years of age during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations | 75 | |
| 9345087636 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development normally beginning about age 12 during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | 76 | |
| 9345087637 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age | 77 | |
| 9345087638 | attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation | 78 | |
| 9345087639 | critical period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | 79 | |
| 9345087640 | imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life | 80 | |
| 9345087641 | basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsible caregivers | 81 | |
| 9345087642 | self concept | a sense of one's identity and personal worth | 82 | |
| 9345087643 | adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence | 83 | |
| 9345087644 | puberty | the period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing | 84 | |
| 9345087645 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | 85 | |
| 9345087646 | secondary sex characteristics | non reproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | 86 | |
| 9345087647 | menarche | the first menstrual period | 87 | |
| 9345087648 | moral reasoning | the thinking that occurs as we consider right and wrong | 88 | |
| 9345087649 | identity | one's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles | 89 | |
| 9345087650 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood | 90 | |
| 9345087651 | menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines | 91 | |
| 9345087652 | dementia | mental erosion; severe impairment or loss of intellectual capacity and personality integration, due to the loss of or damage to neurons in the brain | 92 | |
| 9345087653 | Alzheimer's disease | a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and, finally, physical functioning | 93 | |
| 9345087654 | cross sectional study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | 94 | |
| 9345087655 | longitudinal study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | 95 | |
| 9345087656 | crystallized intelligence | one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age; reflected in vocabulary and analogies tests | 96 | |
| 9345087657 | fluid intelligence | one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthodd | 97 | |
| 9345087658 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement | 98 | |
| 9345087659 | generativity | being productive and supporting future generations; the motivation to contribute to the well being of generations to come, wanting to have done something with your life | 99 | |
| 9345087660 | infancy | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from birth to 1 year old in which the primary issue is *trust vs. mistrust* If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust. | 100 | |
| 9345087661 | toddlerhood | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from 1 to 2 years old in which the primary issue is *autonomy vs. shame and doubt* Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities. | 101 | |
| 9345087662 | preschooler | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from 3 to 5 years old in which the primary issue is *initiative vs. guilt* Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent. | 102 | |
| 9345087663 | elementary | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from 6 years old to puberty in which the primary issue is *competence vs. inferiority* Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior. | 103 | |
| 9345087664 | adolescence | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from teen years into the 20s in which the primary issue is *identity vs. role confusion* Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are. | 104 | |
| 9345087665 | young adulthood | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from 20s to early 40s in which the primary issue is *intimacy vs. isolation* Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated. | 105 | |
| 9345087666 | middle adulthood | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from 40s to 60s in which the primary issue is *generativity vs. stagnation* In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose. | 106 | |
| 9345087667 | late adulthood | Erik Erikson's stage of psychological development lasting from late 60s and up in which the primary issue is *integrity vs. despair* When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure. | 107 | |
| 9345087668 | Mary Ainsworth | This psychologist compared effects of maternal separation and devised patterns of attachment (secure attachment, insecure attachment). | 108 | |
| 9345087669 | Diana Baumrind | This psychologist is known for her theory of parenting styles. She figured that there are three main types: permissive, authoritative, and authoritarian. | 109 | |
| 9345087670 | permissive (parenting style) | parenting style in which parents submit to their children's desires; they make few demands and use little punishment | 110 | |
| 9345087671 | authoritarian (parenting style) | parenting style in which the parents are demanding, expect unquestioned obedience, are not responsive to their children's desires, and communicate poorly with their children | 111 | |
| 9345087672 | authoritative (parenting style) | parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making | 112 | |
| 9345087673 | Carol Gilligan | This psychologist studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse. | 113 | |
| 9345087674 | Lawrence Kohlberg | This psychologist presented boys' moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. His most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication: should he steal the medication and why? | 114 | |
| 9345087675 | Konrad Lorenz | This psychologist studied imprinting and critical periods in geese. | 115 | |
| 9345087676 | Lev Vygotsky | This psychologist proposed that learning takes place through interactions with others that promote the acquisition of cultural factors in development. | 116 |
