Advanced Placement Psychology
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| 5877793494 | Developmental Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. |  | 0 |
| 5877793495 | Zygote | the fertilized egg; it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo. |  | 1 |
| 5877793496 | Embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month. |  | 2 |
| 5877793497 | Fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth. |  | 3 |
| 5877793498 | Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm. |  | 4 |
| 5877793499 | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking. In severe cases, symptoms include noticeable facial misproportions. |  | 5 |
| 5877793500 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |  | 6 |
| 5877793501 | Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience. |  | 7 |
| 5877793502 | Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. |  | 8 |
| 5877793503 | Schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information. |  | 9 |
| 5877793504 | Assimilation | interpreting our new experience in terms of our existing schemas. A child calling a bicycle a car because it has wheels | | 10 |
| 5877793505 | Accommodation | Adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information. Realizing a bike is different from a car because it has two wheels | | 11 |
| 5877793506 | Sensorimotor Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities. |  | 12 |
| 5877793507 | Object Permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived. develops in the sensorimotor state |  | 13 |
| 5877793508 | Preoperational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from 2 to about 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. |  | 14 |
| 5877793509 | Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. |  | 15 |
| 5877793510 | Egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view. |  | 16 |
| 5877793511 | Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict. |  | 17 |
| 5877793512 | Concrete Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically but not abstractly about concrete events. |  | 18 |
| 5877793513 | Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts. |  | 19 |
| 5877793514 | Autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind. |  | 20 |
| 5877793515 | Stranger Anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age. |  | 21 |
| 5877793516 | Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation. |  | 22 |
| 5877793517 | Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development. |  | 23 |
| 5877793518 | Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. |  | 24 |
| 5877793519 | Temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity. |  | 25 |
| 5877793520 | Basic Trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers. |  | 26 |
| 5877793521 | Self-Concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?" |  | 27 |
| 5877793522 | Gender | in psychology, the biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female. |  | 28 |
| 5877793523 | Aggression | physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt someone. |  | 29 |
| 5877793524 | X Chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both men and women. Females have two of these; males have one. One chromosome from each parent produces a female child. |  | 30 |
| 5877793525 | Y Chromosome | the sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child. | | 31 |
| 5877793526 | Testosterone | the most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional levels in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs in the fetus and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty. |  | 32 |
| 5877793527 | Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave. |  | 33 |
| 5877793528 | Gender Role | a set of expected behaviors for males or for females. |  | 34 |
| 5877793529 | Gender Identity | our sense of being male or female. |  | 35 |
| 5877793530 | Gender Typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role. |  | 36 |
| 5877793531 | Social Learning Theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished. |  | 37 |
| 5877793532 | Adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. |  | 38 |
| 5877793533 | Puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing. |  | 39 |
| 5877793534 | Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible. |  | 40 |
| 5877793535 | Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair. |  | 41 |
| 5877793536 | Menarche | the first menstrual period. |  | 42 |
| 5877793537 | Identity | our sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles. |  | 43 |
| 5877793538 | Social Identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships. |  | 44 |
| 5877793539 | Intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood. |  | 45 |
| 5877793540 | Emerging Adulthood | for some people in modern cultures, a period from the late teens to mid-twenties, bridging the gap between adolescent dependence and full independence and responsible adulthood. |  | 46 |
| 5877793541 | Menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines. |  | 47 |
| 5877793542 | Cross-Sectional Study | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another. |  | 48 |
| 5877793543 | Longitudinal Study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period. |  | 49 |
| 5877793544 | Crystallized Intelligence | our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age. |  | 50 |
| 5877793545 | Fluid Intelligence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood. | | 51 |
| 5877793546 | Social Clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. |  | 52 |
| 5877803876 | Konrad Lorenz | studied how geese imprint |  | 53 |
| 5877806118 | Mary Ainsworth | Researcher who developed "the strange situation" to study attachment |  | 54 |
| 5877806119 | Strange Situation | Involved a mother briefly leaving a young child in a room. A stranger then enters. Later, the mother returns. Used to study attachment |  | 55 |
| 5877807909 | Secure Attachhment | When mom was in the room, explored but were wary of the stranger. When child was left alone they cried, but were soothed when the mother returned. |  | 56 |
| 5877839641 | Avoidant Attachment | When mom was in the room, didn't really touch base with her or care when she left and stranger entered. Didn't care when mom returned |  | 57 |
| 5877841048 | Ambivalent Attachment | Demonstrated mixed feelings in the strange situation. Wanted mom but weren't really soothed by her or seemed angry. |  | 58 |
| 5877843049 | DIsorganized Attachment | Seemed fearful of their mothers during the strange situation |  | 59 |
| 5877807910 | Nature | heredity, or the influence of inherited characteristics on personality, intellect, and development |  | 60 |
| 5877810140 | Nurture | environment; the influence our surroundings, parenting styles, economic factors have on our personality, intellect, ad development | | 61 |
| 5877820505 | Lev Vygotsky | Development theorist who stressed the role that adults and higher skilled children played in development. Scaffolding and zone of proximal development were keys to his theory |  | 62 |
| 5877824796 | Scaffolding | learning by having a skilled person give you a lot of help at the start then slowly withdrawing as you improve |  | 63 |
| 5877828581 | Zone of proximal development | the difference between what a child can do alone and with help |  | 64 |
| 5877844772 | Erik Erison | Developed an 8 stage theory of psychosocial development where each stage was centered on overcoming a crisis such as trust vs mistrust |  | 65 |
| 5877848381 | Personal Fable | Part of Elkind's theory of Adolescent Egocentrism; idea that teens feel that they are special, one of a kind, and no one understands them. |  | 66 |
| 5877848382 | Imaginary Audience | Part of Elkind's theory of Adolescent Egocentrism; teens tend to think that others are just as concerned about their thoughts and appearance as they themselves are. |  | 67 |
| 5877859857 | Preconventional Morality | First level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on punishment and reward. If I didn't get caught/punished, then it was OK to do it. |  | 68 |
| 5877865476 | Conventional Morality | Second level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on conforming to others and the expectations of society |  | 69 |
| 5877867247 | Postconventional Morality | Third level of Kohlberg's theory where morality is based on principles that have been set by the person and may more may not agree with social norms. |  | 70 |
| 5877869747 | Carol Gilligan | criticized Kohlberg's theory of moral development for being too male orientated; said men and women have different views of morality |  | 71 |
| 5877877355 | Authoritarian parenting | parents who are very inflexible, stern and strict. More likely to use physical punishment. Children tend to grow up with low self esteem, be timid and withdrawn. Others might rebel. |  | 72 |
| 5877879940 | Permissive/Indulgent parenting | parents who are more friends to their children and do not set any boundaries. Children tend to be selfish, immature, and dependent upon parents. |  | 73 |
| 5877886178 | Permissive/Neglectful | parents who ignore their children and aren't really involved in their life. |  | 74 |
| 5877882838 | Authoritative parenting | parents who set clear expectations and boundaries but who are warm, fair, and flexible. Children tend to grow up to be well adjusted and have high self esteem. |  | 75 |
| 5877887606 | Stages of Dying | Theory created by Elisabeth Kubler Ross. Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance |  | 76 |
| 5877890346 | Autonomy vs Shame/Doubt | Erikson stage ages 1-3 when children are learning to direct their own behavior and feel that they can do things for themselves. I can do it vs I can't do it! |  | 77 |
| 5877893073 | Initiative vs. Guilt | Erikson stage ages 3-5 where children must learn to control their behavior and take responsibility for their actions. I decided to do it vs I really shouldn't have done that! |  | 78 |
| 5877895519 | Industry vs. Inferiority | Erikson stage ages 5-12 where children learn to feel competence and self esteem as they learn new knowlesdge and skills. I can do it well vs. I am terrible at that! |  | 79 |
| 5877901410 | Generativity vs Stagnation | Erikson middle adult stage where a person strives to stay creative, productive, and giving to the next generation |  | 80 |
| 5877903026 | Integrity vs Despair | Erikson's final stage where are person accepts their life |  | 81 |
| 5877905099 | Jean Piaget | Created a four stage theory of Cognitive Development |  | 82 |
