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AP Psychology: Development Flashcards

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6681963101Developmental Psychology-Study of physical, intellectual,social, and moral changes across the life span from conception to death0
6681963102MaturationDefined: Biological growth processes that enable development to occur Example: You can't learn to read before a certain age1
6681963103Stages of Prenatal DevelopmentGEF: Germinal, Embryonic, Fetal2
6681963104Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)-a cluster of abnormalities that occurs in babies of mothers who drink alcoholic beverages during pregnancy3
6681963105GenotypeGenetic make-up with 23 chromosomes from mom and 23 chromosomes from dad Point to remember: Inherited genetics4
6681963106PhenotypeVisible characteristics that are seen and stemmed from your genetics Point to Remember: Expressed Characteristics5
6681963107Teratogen-Harmful substance during the prenatal period that can cause birth defects -chemicals, such as alcohol,drugs,tobacco ingredients, mercury,lead,cadmium, and other poison, or infectious agents6
6681963108Rooting ReflexWhen you poke a baby's cheek and they turned toward the poke Helpful for breast feeding7
6681963109Theory of Mindability to understand mental states (beliefs, intents, desires, pretending, knowledge, etc.) of oneself and others and to understand that others have beliefs, desires, and intentions that are different from one's own. people with Autism struggle with this8
6681963110Habituation-decreasing responsiveness with repeated presentation of the same stimulus -developmental psychologists depend on gazes,sucking,and head turning to reveal abilities of infants during habituation studies9
6681963111SchemasDefined: a cognitive system or mental map which helps us organize and make sense of our experiences & the world. Example: You developed a schema that all homeless people are rude. Because of this you organize your actions around it and more readily look for information that supports this view while discarding information that disagrees with this perspective.10
6681963112Assimilationdefined: reinforces the existing schema "ss"-schema stays the same Example: You think homeless people are rude and a homeless person yells at you because you didn't give them money11
6681963113Accomodationdefined: changing your existing schema "cc"-schema changes! Example: You think homeless people are rude but when your car got a flat tire, a homeless person helped you change the flat tire12
6681963114Jean Piagetinterested in "thought processes" and creates the first cognitive development theory using his children includes four distinct stages that the child must accomplish before moving onto the next stages in order: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational, and formal operational13
6681963115Sensorimotor StageAge: 0-2 Description: Experience the world through your senses and actions Important Concepts: Basic causality, Object permanence14
6681963116Preoperational StageAge: 2-7 Description: Use their gut instincts to make decisions, often flawed logic Important Concepts: Instinctive Logic, Egocentrism, Centration15
6681963117Concrete Operational StageAge: 7-12 Description: Use their past experiences to make decisions Important Concepts: Inductive Logic, Conservation, Reversibility16
6681963118Formal Operational StageAge: 12+ Description: Use their past experiences to think hypothetically Important Concepts: Deductive Logic17
6681963119Object PermanenceDefined: Understanding objects exists out of their sight18
6681963120EgocentrismDefined: At roughly age 4, child only understands life from her perspective Example:19
6681963121ReversibilityDefined: child can view items in more than one way Example: a mom can also be a sister20
6681963123ConservationDefined: Two equal quantities remain equal even though the appearance has changed21
6681963124Zone of Proximal Development(ZPD)-Lev Vygotsky emphasized the environment -Range between the level at which a child can solve a problem working alone with difficulty and the level to which a child can solve a problem with the help of adults or more-skilled children22
6681963125Criticism of PiagetUnderestimated: An infants cognitive abilities, and the impact of the social cultural environment Overestimated: amount of people who reach formal operations23
6681963126Contact Comfort-Harry Harlow -his wire verses cloth monkey experiments showed that touch is just as if not more important than food for building attachment24
6681963127ImprintingDefined: The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life Very common in birds but does not exist in humans25
6681963128Insecure AttachmentChild does not learn to use the parent as a secure base because they don't trust their parents to meet their needs26
6681963129Secure AttachmentChild learns to use the parent as a secure base because they trust the parents will meet their needs27
6681963130Strange Situation ExperimentPsychologist: Ainsworth Studied and developed the different types of attachment by studying how children relate to their mother in a playroom where she is present, leaves, and then returns28
6681963132temperamentAn inborn predisposition to behave in a certain way Personality development: temperament (Nature), attachment (nurture)29
6681963133Self-ConceptOur understanding and evaluation of who we are goal is to have a positive one with confidence, optimism, assertiveness, etc.30
6681963134Parenting StylesDiana Baumrind: Studied a sample with 100 pre-school children in California-almost all white Parents differed on 4 dimensions & found 3 types31
6681963135PermissiveExpressions of warmth: Parents are highly affectionate Strategies of Discipline: Rare Communication: child talks not the parent Expectations of maturity: few demands Effects on child: aggressive & immature32
6681963136AuthoritarianExpressions of warmth: Parents are cold and critical Strategies of Discipline: Strict, often physical Communication: parent talks not the child Expectations of maturity: clear rules and high expectations for maturity Effects: low self-esteem, low self-reliance, and low social competence33
6681963137AuthoritativeExpressions of warmth: parents are Highly affectionate Strategies of Discipline: Set limits and enforce rules but allow for child's input Communication: both parent and child talks Expectations of maturity: Demand maturity but allow forgiving of failure Effects: high self-esteem, high self-reliance, and high social competence34
6681963138Gender RolesDefined: Cultural Expectations about the way men and women should behave35
6681963139Gender SchemasSandra Bem Defined: A theory of gender development that combines social learning and cognitive learning theory36
6681963140Social Learning TheoryLearn our gender by Reinforcement, modeling, and punishment37
6681963141Primary verse secondary sex characteristicsDevelopment of the uterus and testes VERSES Other signs (hair, body parts, voice, etc.) that signal sexual maturity38
6681963142Sexual MaturationWhen boys hit this early they are often more popular with their peers whereas girls have a higher risk for mental and other health problems39
6681963143Puberty-early adolescent period marked by accelerated growth and the onset of the ability to reproduce -menarche: first menstrual period at about age 12.5 marks female fertility -Ejaculation of semen with viable sperm at about age 14 marks male fertility40
6681963144Rite of PassageDefined: ritual event that marks a person's transition from one status to another. Example: Hazing and graduating from high school signals adulthood41
6681963145Parental v Peer_________ influences on children and teens include politics, College and Career Choice, Big Decisions whereas; ________ influences on children include clothing, music and less important decisions42
6681963146Lawrence KohlbergStudied and developed a model for moral dilemma Used the hypothetical "Heinz dilemma" to develop three levels including pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional43
6681963147Pre-conventional LevelDecisions are based on "what's best for you" (avoid punishment & gain rewards)44
6681963148Conventional LevelDecisions are based on "what's best for the group and you receiving the group's social approval"45
6681963149Post-conventional LevelDecisions are based on "what's best for another every single individual based on their individual specific circumstance"46
6681963150Carol GilliganDisagreed with Kohlberg because women scored lower in moral development The reasoning is that women base their morals on "caring" and not following the rules47
6681963151Erik Erikson-Examined social development -Identified eight stages during which we face an important issue or crisis48
6681963152Trust v MistrustStage 1: Infants learn to rely on parent/caregiver OR you don't learn to rely on parent/caregiver49
6681963153Autonomy v Shame & DoubtStage 2: Toddlers learn to explore environment OR dependent on caregiver50
6681963154Initiative v GuiltStage 3: Middle Childhood learn to make simple decisions OR dependent on caregiver51
6681963155Industry v InferiorityStage 4: Late Childhood feel confident to achieve more OR discouraged and don't try to achieve more52
6681963156Identify v Role ConfusionStage 5: Adolescence Know who you are OR try to do what others expect of you53
6681963157Intimacy v IsolationStage 6: Young Adulthood Find a mate OR live alone54
6681963158Generativity v StagnationStage 7: Middle Adulthood Give/Help others OR focus solely on yourself55
6681963159Ego Integrity v DespairStage 8: Late Adulthood Happy with your life OR hate your life56
6681963160Menopausecessation of the ability to reproduce accompanied by a decrease in production of sex hormones;occurs at about age 50 in women57
6681963161Crystallized IntelligenceDefined: The amount of information you obtain and the verbal skills you develop over time but does NOT decrease in later adulthood Example: anything and everything you have learned58
6681963162Fluid IntelligenceDefined: ability to reason in an abstract way but DECREASES during later adulthood Example: if I asked you to come up with as many different possible uses for a tire, you would have to use very abstract reasoning -- think about what a tire is, the different types, the sizes, etc., then go through cognitive lists of situations, uses, and much more.59
6681963163Social ClockDefined: the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement. Example: be married by 25, have kids by 30, etc.60
6681963164Stages of Death and DyingPsychologist: Elizabeth Kubler-Ross Stages (DABDA): Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance61
6681963165Alzheimer's Disease-Fatal degenerative disease in which brain neurons progressively die, causing loss of memory, reasoning,emotion,control of bodily functions, then death -characterizes by amyloid plaques in brain and a lack of acetycholine62

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