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| 6578443003 | Nature versus nurture | a debate surrounding the relative importance of heredity (nature) and environment (nurture) in determining behavior Sentence: The nature versus nurture debate is one that will probably never be solved. |  | 0 |
| 6578443004 | Cross-sectional research | a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics Example: A developmental researcher might be interested in how our ability to recall nonsense words changes as we age. |  | 1 |
| 6578443005 | Longitudinal research | a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time and their development is repeatedly assessed Sentence: Longitudinal research takes place over a long period of time. |  | 2 |
| 6578443006 | Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Sentence: Teratogens can cause harm if ingested or contracted by the mother. |  | 3 |
| 6578443007 | Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | a group of birth defects caused by the effects of alcohol on an unborn child Sentence: Children of alcoholic mothers who drink heavily during pregnancy are at high risk for fetal alcohol syndrome. |  | 4 |
| 6578443008 | Newborn reflexes | a newborns reactions to certain stimulus Sentence: In the past, some philosophers and early psychologists believed that humans are born as blank slates, helpless and without any skills or reflexes. |  | 5 |
| 6578443009 | Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation Sentence: Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth are the two most important psychologists when it comes to attachment. |  | 6 |
| 6578443010 | Harry Harlow's attachment research | studied infant attachment using monkey Sentence: In the 1950s, researcher Harry Harlow raised baby monkeys with two artificial wire frame figures made to resemble mother monkeys. |  | 7 |
| 6578443011 | Mary Ainsworth's strange situation | an experimental method designed to measure the nature of attachment between mothers and babies Sentence: Mary Ainsworth researched the idea of attachment by placing human infants into novel situations. |  | 8 |
| 6578443012 | Secure attachments | constantly explored when parent was present; distressed when they left and came to parents when they returned Sentence: Secure attachments occurred in about 66% of the participants. |  | 9 |
| 6578443013 | Avoidant attachments | infants with this may resist being held by the parents and will explore novel environment; they don't go to parents for comforts when they return after an absence Sentence: Avoidant attachments occurred in about 21% of the participants. |  | 10 |
| 6578443014 | Anxious/ambivalent attachments | the child shows extreme stress when the parents leave but resist being comforted by them when they return Sentence: Anxious attachments occurred in about 12% of the participants. |  | 11 |
| 6578443015 | Authoritarian parents | parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority Sentence: Obedient attitudes are valued more than discussions about the rationale behind the standards. |  | 12 |
| 6578443016 | Permissive parents | parents who provide lax and inconsistent feedback and require little of their children Sentence: Family members may perceive that they can get away with anything at home. |  | 13 |
| 6578443017 | Authoritative parents | parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence Sentence: The rationale for family rules are discussed with the children old enough to understand them. |  | 14 |
| 6578443018 | Oral stage | Freud's first stage of personality development, from birth to about age 2, during which the instincts of infants are focused on the mouth as the primary pleasure center Sentence: In the oral stage, infants seek pleasure through their mouths. |  | 15 |
| 6578443019 | Anal stage | Freud's second stage of personality development, from about age 2 to about age 3, during which children learn to control the immediate gratification they obtain through defecation and to become responsive to the demands of society Sentence: The anal stage develops during toilet training. |  | 16 |
| 6578443020 | Phallic stage | Freud's third stage of personality development, from about age 4 through age 7, during which children obtain gratification primarily from the genitals Sentence: During the phallic stage, babies realize their gender and this causes conflict in the family. |  | 17 |
| 6578443021 | Genital stage | Freud's last stage of personality development, from the onset of puberty through adulthood, during which the sexual conflicts of childhood resurface (at puberty) and are often resolved during adolescence) Sentence: Once they enter the genital stage, they remain there for the rest of their lives. |  | 18 |
| 6578443022 | Erik Erikson's psychosocial developmental theory | neo-freudian who believed in the basics of freuds theory but adapted it to fit his own observation Sentence: Erik Erikson was a neo-Fredian. |  | 19 |
| 6578443023 | Trust versus mistrust | first stage of personality development in which the infant's basic sense of trust or mistrust develops as a result of consistent or inconsistent care Sentence: Babies learn whether or not they can trust that the world provides for their needs. |  | 20 |
| 6578443024 | Autonomy versus shame and doubt | Erikson's second crisis of psychosocial development. Toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self-rule over their own actions and bodies. Sentence: In this stage, toddlers begin to exert their will over their own bodies for the first time. |  | 21 |
| 6578443025 | Initiative versus guilt | Erikson's third psychosocial crisis, in which children undertake new skills and activities and feel guilty when they do not succeed at them Sentence: In this stage, children ask many questions. |  | 22 |
| 6578443026 | Industry versus inferiority | the fourth of Erikson's eight psychosexual development crises, during which children attempt to master many skills, developing a sense of themselves as either industrious or inferior, competent or incompetent Sentence: This stage occurs at the beginning of our formal education. |  | 23 |
| 6578443027 | Identity versus role confusion | Erikson's term for the fifth stage of development, in which the person tries to figure out "Who am I?" but is confused as to which of many possible roles to adopt Sentence: In adolescence, Erikson felt our main social task is to discover what social identity we are most comfortable with. |  | 24 |
| 6578443028 | Intimacy versus isolation | Erikson's sixth stage of development. Adults see someone with whom to share their lives in an eduring and self-sacrificing commitment. Without such commitment, they risk profound aloneness and isolation Sentence: Young adults who established stable identities then must figure out how to balance their ties and efforts between work and relationships with other people. |  | 25 |
| 6578443029 | Generativity versus stagnation | Erikson's seventh stage of psychosocial development, in which the middle-aged adult develops a concern with establishing, guiding, and influencing the next generation or else experiences stagnation (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness) Sentence: Erikson felt that by the time we reach this age, we are starting to look critically at our life path. |  | 26 |
| 6578443030 | Integrity versus despair | the final stage of Erik Erikson's developmental sequence, in which older adults seek to integrate their unique experiences with their vision of community Sentence: Toward the end of life, we look back at our accomplishments and decide if we are satisfied with them or not. |  | 27 |
| 6578443031 | Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory | children do not think like adults, their thought processes have their own distinct order and special logic Sentence: Jean Piaget's cognitive developmental theory is the most famous theory of this type. |  | 28 |
| 6578443032 | Schemata | mental representations of how we expect the world to be Sentence: These are cognitive rules we use to interpret the world. |  | 29 |
| 6578443033 | Assimilation | according to Piaget, the process by which new ideas and experiences are absorbed and incorporated into existing mental structures and behaviors Sentence: Normally, we incorporate our experiences into these existing schemata in a process called assimilation. |  | 30 |
| 6578443034 | Accommodation | according to Piaget, the process by which existing mental structures and behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences Sentence: Piaget thinks humans go through this process of schema creation, assimilation, and accommodation as we develop cognitively. | | 31 |
| 6578443035 | Sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Sentence: This stage occurs from birth to about two years old. |  | 32 |
| 6578443036 | Object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Example: Just because we turn around doesn't mean the things behind us aren't there. |  | 33 |
| 6578443037 | Preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Sentence: This stage occurs form two to approximately seven years old. |  | 34 |
| 6578443038 | Egocentric | self-centered Sentence: Many think of Kanye West as egocentric. |  | 35 |
| 6578443039 | Concrete operations | Piaget's stage in which children learn such concepts as conservation and mathematical transformations; about 7 - 11 years of age Sentence: This stage is when children begin to think more logically. |  | 36 |
| 6578443040 | Concepts of conservation | children realize that properties of objects remain the same even when their shapes change. demonstrates how different aspects of objects are conserved even when their arrangement changes Example: Volume, area and number. |  | 37 |
| 6578443041 | Formal operations | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Sentence: This stage occurs from 12 years old into adulthood. |  | 38 |
| 6578443042 | Metacognition | thinking about thinking Sentence: I'm experiencing metacognition while completing these vocabulary words. |  | 39 |
| 6578443043 | Lawrence Kohlberg's moral developmental theory | focuses on gender constancy Sentence: This theory focuses on morality. |  | 40 |
| 6578443044 | Preconventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor Sentence: The children avoided punishment. |  | 41 |
| 6578443045 | Conventional stage | a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules Sentence: Children were able to move past personal gain or loss. |  | 42 |
| 6578443046 | Postconventional stage | a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values Sentence: This stage describes what we mean by moral reasoning. |  | 43 |
