Terms : Hide Images
| 768463134 | Accommodation | A process described by Piaget of creating a new schema because an experience does not fit into an existing schema | |
| 768463135 | Actor-percievor bias | An attribution error we make when we believe that others' believe is due to the environment and our behavior is due to our own efforts | |
| 768463136 | Action potential | The all or non firing of a message from one neuron to another | |
| 768463137 | Adaptation | According to Piaget, the goal of development is to adapt to one's surrounding's | |
| 768463138 | Alfred Adler | A colleagues of Freud, he argued that the unconscious controls solution | |
| 768463139 | Algorithm | A problem solving strategy that is guaranteed to lead to the correct solution | |
| 768463140 | Anxiety Disorder | Excessive anxiety that causes disruptions in dealing with everyday life. These include generalized anxiety disorder, phobic disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. Often treated with medication such as Xanax or Paxil | |
| 768463141 | Assimilation | A process described by Piaget of fitting a new experience into an existing schema. | |
| 768463142 | Attachment | An emotional bond between parent and child that forms early in life and sets the pattern for future emotional bond. | |
| 768463143 | Attribution Theory | A theory that states we often infer the reasons that someone might engage in a behavior by observing them | |
| 768463144 | Axon | The part of the neuron that carries information from one part of the cell to another cell | |
| 768463145 | Behaviorism | A school of thought that suggests that the environment controls all aspects of human behavior | |
| 768463146 | Biological approach | Suggests that we can understand behavior by examining the brain and all the central nervous system | |
| 768463147 | Albert Bandura | Well known for his work on social learning theory | |
| 768463148 | Applied Behavior Analysis | A form of therapy or research which focuses on understanding the context in which behavior occurs and attempting to control the context to alter the behavior | |
| 768463149 | Bystander effect | The idea that if we witness something happen, we often believe someone else will help, and this, we do not | |
| 768463150 | Cataplexy | Falling into REM sleep while conscious A person suffering from cataplexy will lose muscle control and fall down. | |
| 768463151 | Cerebellum | A part of the hindbrain responsible for control of motor coordination and some autonomic responses, such as breathing and heart rate | |
| 768463152 | Classical Conditioning | Sugests that some behavior is controlled by learning associations between neutral stimuli and reflex causing stimuli, Developed by Ivan Pavlov in his work on the digestive system of dogs | |
| 768463153 | Noam Chomsky | A linguist who revolutionized our theories on how we acquire and utilize language | |
| 768463154 | Chromosome | The genetic code that gives rise to our biological characteristics | |
| 768463155 | Cochlea | The structure in the inner ear which transducer sounds from physical waves to neural impulses (via the basilar membrane) | |
| 768463156 | Cognitive Confirmation Bias | The idea that we look for information that confirms our beliefs about a person, group, or situation | |
| 768463157 | Cognitive Psychology | Branch of psychology concerned with the study of how people think, remember, and pay attention | |
| 768463158 | Conformity | The tendency to do things because others are doing it (as shown in the studies by Asch) | |
| 768463159 | Concrete Operational Stage | The third stage in Piaget's theory in which a child can use some logical thought, but hasn't get advances to using abstract cognitive thought | |
| 768463160 | Conditioned Response | A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus | |
| 768463161 | Conditioned Stimulus | A previously neutral stimulus which now gives rises to a reflexive response | |
| 768463162 | Confounding variable | A term used in research methods to describe a situation in which there is an unexpected variable causing a change in a dependent variable in such a way that it is not possible to determine what caused the outcome | |
| 768463163 | Conscious | According to Freud, the part of our consciousness that we are currently aware of | |
| 768463164 | Consciousness | The active processing of information in our brain | |
| 768463165 | Cornea | /the outer later of the eye in the front. The cornea bends light so that it focuses on the retina | |
| 768463166 | Correlation | A statistic that provides information on both the strength of a relationship and the way the two variables are related (either directly or inversely) | |
| 768463167 | Cortex | The outer shell of the brain, divided into four regions (occipital lobe: responsible for vision; parietal lobe: responsible for recieving sensory information; temporal lobe: responsible for language and hearing; frontal lobe: responsible for higher level cognitive functions, such as thought and emotion) | |
| 768463168 | Defense mechanisms (or ego defense mechanisms) | developed by Anna and Sigmund Freud, defense mechanisms are designed to protect the ego from harm. These include: repression (pushing information deep into our unconscious); projection (seeing the anxiety causing behavior in others); reaction formation (engaging in antagonistic behavior to a desire); sublimation (replacing as anxiety-inducing desire with something that is acceptable); and displacement (directing anxiety responses towards something other than the issue causing the anxiety) | |
| 768463169 | Dendrite | a part of a neuron that receives information from other cells | |
| 768463170 | Dependent variable | an outcome measure in an experiment | |
| 768463171 | Rene Descartes | ancient philosopher who was most well known for his work on the mechanical nature of human behavior (mind-body dualism) | |
| 768463172 | Development | the relatively predictable set of changes people go through as they grow, including changes in social, cognitive, and physical skills | |
| 768463173 | Dissociative disorder | a break in the connection between reality and perception of reality. these include psychogenic fugue, amnesia, and dissociative identity disorder (sometimes called multiple personality disorder) | |
| 768463174 | Divided attention | the ability to divide our mental effort among a variety of tasks at one time | |
| 768463175 | Ego | according to Freud, the ego is the part of personality that tries to satisfy the demands of the id within the context of the superego | |
| 768463176 | Encoding | the process of taking information into the information processing system | |
| 768463177 | Episodic memory | memory for events that are autobiographical | |
| 768463178 | Equilibration | the process of periodically restructuring schemas to provide a better fit of experience to knowledge | |
| 768463179 | Experiment | a method of research in which a variable or variables are manipulated to determine the impact it has on an outcome measure | |
| 768463180 | Extrinsic motivation | motivation that is derived from an outside obtainable goal (like positive reinforcement from an outside source) | |
| 768463181 | Forebrain | the convoluted part of the brain that is said to contain the parts of the brain that make us different from other species | |
| 768463182 | Forensic psychology | the study of how psychology and the law interact. Forensic psychologists are concerned with using what we know about psychology to solve crimes, hire better police, and learn how to better adjudicate justice | |
| 768463183 | Formal operations | the highest level of cognitive development, according to Piaget, in which a child can do complex logical thought | |
| 768463184 | Sigmund Freud | considered the "father" of psychoanalysis. Believed that the unconscious controlled our behavior | |
| 768463185 | Functionalism | a school of thought founded by James that suggests that the goal of psychology is to understand the function and purpose of consciousness | |
| 768463186 | Fundamental attribution error | the belief that we make attributions about the causes of behavior as being caused by internal rather than external factors | |
| 768463187 | Genetics | the study of how our biology codes for our physical characteristics | |
| 768463188 | Gestalt | a principle of perception which states that we use a variety of cues to help us organize the world around us (pragnaz, closure are two examples). Also, an early form of psychology which stated that our experience is more than the physical stimulation that we receive | |
| 768463189 | Health psychology | the branch of psychology concerned with applying the results of psychological research to promoting healthy lifestyles and understanding issues such as stress | |
| 768463190 | Heuristic | a shortcut we use when we are solving problems | |
| 768463191 | Hindbrain | the area of the brain that controls mostly autonomic functions, such as breathing and heart rate | |
| 768463192 | Humanism | suggests that human behavior is purposeful and goal driven, and that we have free will to determine our own paths. Also sometimes called phenomenological psychology | |
| 768463193 | Hypothalamus | the part of the brain responsible for motivation | |
| 768463194 | Id | according to Freud, the part of our personality that demands immediate satisfaction of its needs | |
| 768463195 | Impression formation | in social psychology, we often form impressions of people based on a variety of shortcuts. We use these impressions to determine appropriate actions towards those people in the future | |
| 768463196 | Independent variable | a variable that is manipulated by an experimenter to determine that effect it has on an outcome (or dependent) variable | |
| 768463197 | Industrial/organizational psychology | the branch of psychology concerned with applying the findings of psychology to improve the workplace environment | |
| 768463198 | Inferential statistics | a set of techniques that allow us to draw inferences about how our sample corresponds to the population at large (t and F are common inferential statistics) | |
| 768463199 | Insomnia | Inability to sleep or stay asleep for long periods of time | |
| 768463200 | institutional Review Board | The organization charged with evaluating research to determine if it meets the ethical standards of the institution | |
| 768463201 | Intrinsic Motivation | Motivation that comes from within a person | |
| 768463202 | Iris | The colored part of the eyes | |
| 768463203 | William James | Considered the founder of American Psychology. Led a school of thought called functionalism | |
| 768463204 | Carl Jung | A colleague of Freud who believed that we have both an unconscious and a collective unconscious. These areas of controlled much of our behavior | |
| 768463205 | Language | A complex communication system that involves the use of a limited set of abstract symbols to convey an unlimited number of messages | |
| 768463206 | Lateral Hypothalamus | The part of the hypothalamus which controls the motivation for eating | |
| 768463207 | Learning | A relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience | |
| 768463208 | Lens | A malleable structure inside the eye which changes shape to hep us focus on the retina | |
| 768463209 | Levels of Processing | A theory proposed by Craik and Tulving which suggests that memory is a byproduct of perception and the more effort involved in perceiving stimuli, the better memory will be | |
| 768463210 | Limbic System | a part of the brain that is responsible for emotional response to stimuli | |
| 768531367 | Linguistic Universals | A set of theoretical constructs concerning properties that al languages share | |
| 768531368 | Long Term memory | our memory for information that is no longer active, but it is accessible | |
| 768531369 | Mean | A measure of central tendency that is the average of all the scores in a sample | |
| 768531370 | Median | A measure of central tendency that is the middlemost score in a sample | |
| 768531371 | Midbrain | The part of the brain that serves as a pathway of sensory cells as they are passed from one region of the brain to the other | |
| 768531372 | Stanley Milgram | Famous for his experiment on obedience, in which he ordered people to continue giving "shocks" even when they appeared uncomfortable to the person receiving them | |
| 768531373 | Mode | A measure of central tendency that is the most commonly occurring score in a sample. | |
| 768531374 | Mood Disorders | An inability to control or stabilize mood. These include clinical depression and bipolar disorder. Often treated with medications such as Prozac, Wellbutrin, or Zoloft | |
| 768531375 | Morpheme | The smallest unit of meaning in language | |
| 768531376 | Motivation | The drive to begin or maintain behavior | |
| 768531377 | Myelin | A coating around an axon to speed up action potentials. | |
| 768531378 | Narcolepsy | The sudden, unavoidable urge to fall asleep | |
| 768531379 | Natural Observation | Observation in which the participants are monitored in the natural environment in which the behavior typically occurs | |
| 768531380 | Neo-Freudians | Any psychoanalytic theorist who modified Freud's theory, but still believed that the cause of anxiety was unconscious. | |
| 768531381 | Neuron | A cell in the brain and central nervous system that is responsible for communication between different parts of the body | |
| 768531382 | Neurotransmitter | A chemical message between neurons (GABA, Acetycholine, serotonin) | |
| 768531383 | Night Terrors | Visions that some people have just after falling asleep. These are not dreams. The person will wake up screaming and terrified. More common in boys under age 12 | |
| 768531384 | Obedience | Doing what one is told to do, oftentimes because responsibility is felt to lie in person who is the authority. The work of Stanley Milgram helped us understand this a great deal | |
| 768531385 | Oedipus Complex | According to Freud, children will at one point during their pyschosocial development suffer from unknown anxiety as they feel attraction to the opposite sex parent and jealousy of the parent of the same sex. | |
| 768531386 | operant conditioning | A theory which suggests that behavior is controlled by the consequences of that behavior. If the behavior increases, it is being reinforced. If it decreases it is being punished B.F. Skinner | |
| 768531387 | Operationalism | A theory of research which suggests that some behavior may be able to be measured directly. So we need to state the way we intend to measure that behavior clearly and consciously | |
| 768531388 | Ossicles | The three small bones in the middle ear which translate sound into the inner ear (malleuas, incus, stapes) | |
| 768531389 | Ivan Pavlov | Developed the theory of classical conditioning | |
| 768531390 | Perception | The interpretation of sensory information via experience | |
| 768531391 | Personality | A pattern of behavior that remains somewhat consistent across time | |
| 768531392 | Personality Disorders | A pervasive pattern of behavior involving difficulty in interacting with others...These include borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder | |
| 768531393 | Phoneme | The smallest unit of sound in a language | |
| 768531394 | Jean Piaget | A developmental psychologist famous for his stage theory of cognitive development. | |
| 768643345 | Pinna | The part of the outer ear that we see | |
| 768643346 | Preconscious | According to Freud, the part of our consciousness that we are not currently thinking about, but could if we wanted to. | |
| 768643347 | Premack Principle | The idea that we can use a highly desirable activity to reinforce the completion of a low desirable task | |
| 768643348 | Preoperational Stage | The second stage of Paiget's theory in which the child develops simple cognitive skills | |
| 768643349 | Probability | The basis of all statistics. Probablity is a theory that suggests the potential chance of any outcome occurring in a given situation | |
| 768643350 | Prosocial behavior (altruism) | we engage in behavior that leads to a good outcome | |
| 768643351 | Punishment | A consequence designed to stop a behavior | |
| 768643352 | Psychoanalysis | Freud's approach to therapy, often called talk therapy. Freud used a variety of techniques to treat his clients including dream analysis, hypnosis, and free association. | |
| 768643353 | Psychoanalytic Approach | Suggests that our behavior is controlled by force outside of our conscious awareness. This approach was founded by Freud | |
| 768643354 | pyschology | The science that studies the behavior and mental processes of organisms | |
| 768643355 | Pyschological Disorders | Any pattern of behavior that is going to cause a person to suffer from lack of ability or engage fully in society | |
| 768643356 | Pyschosocial stages of development | According to Freud, we all go through stages of pyschosocial development where the source of pleasure varies. If we don't successfully navigate each stage, we may become fixated at that stage, and will suffer from that later in life | |
| 768643357 | Pupil | The part of the eye that opens and closes to allow the correct amount of light in the eye | |
| 768643358 | REM sleep | Stage of sleep during which our brain waves are similar to when we are awake. During this stage, we tend to be dreaming. This happens 4-6 times each night. | |
| 768643359 | Reinforcement | Any consequence that leads to an increase in the probability of a behavior occurring again | |
| 768643360 | Retina | The part if the eye at the back which contains photoreceptors (rods and cones) | |
| 768643361 | Retrieval | The process of getting information out of long term memory for additional processing | |
| 768643362 | Scaffolding | A process of learning new responses by utilizing support to develop higher levels | |
| 768643363 | Schedule of Reinforcement | Intermittent reinforcement. Not giving reinforcement for every instance of a behavior (fixed interval: after a fixed amount of time has passed; fixed ratio: after a fixed number of behaviors has occurred; variable interval: after time has passed, but the amount of time between reinforces varies; variable ration: after behavior has occurred, but the number of behaviors required for reinforcement varies) | |
| 768643364 | Schema | Any unit of knowledge | |
| 768643365 | Schizophrenia | A class of disorders that include a break with reality, often marked by auditory hallucinations and poor communication skills. These include paranoid schizophrenia, disorganized schizophrenia, and catatonic schizophrenia. Often treated with drugs such as chlorpromazine, Zyprexa,or Risperdal | |
| 768643366 | Sclera | The white part of the eye proves structure | |
| 768643367 | Selective Attention | The ability to focus our mental energy on one topic at a time | |
| 768643368 | Self-fulfilling prophecy | The idea that you will ascribe certain attributes to person based on information obtained prior to meeting them, without taking into account performance | |
| 768643369 | Semantic Memory | Memory for general facts or knowledge | |
| 768643370 | Sensation | The process of receiving information from the environment through the sense | |
| 768643371 | Sensorimotor Stage | The initial stage of cognitive development, according ti piaget, in which the child obtains knowledge only from the sense, and produce motor response | |
| 768643372 | Sensory memory | The ability to store information in its sensory from for a few hundred milliseconds so that it can be produced after we have processed other information | |
| 768643373 | Signal Detection theory | A theory designed to help measure our perceptual processes | |
| 768643374 | B.F. Skinner | Considered by many to most important psychologist of the 20th century. Went against the traditional approach of studying psychology by claiming that we need to know about behavior is the consequences of behavior. If we understand that we can predict and control future behavior. His approach was called operant conditioning | |
| 768643375 | Social Facilitation | Evidence suggests that when we compete we perform better than we would if we were engaging in behavior alone. | |
| 768643376 | Edward B. Titchner | A student of Wundt. Traveled to US and founded the first lab in a college at Cornell University | |
| 768643377 | Trait theorists | Personality theorists who believe that we can understand personality by examining the separate characteristics that a person displays | |
| 768643378 | Tympanic membrane | The eardrum. A structure that vibrates when sound hits it | |
| 768643379 | Unconditioned Response | The response to a stimuli, such as a reflex | |
| 768643380 | Unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that leads to a response to a response in the world naturally | |
| 768643381 | Unconscious | According to Freud, things that are too painful to experience, are pushed into our unconscious. This information is not accessible to our consciousness but it does cause anxiety if not dealt with | |
| 768643382 | Ventromedial hypothalamus | The part of the hypothalamus which controls motivation for satiety (feeling full) | |
| 768643383 | Lev Vygotsky | A development psychologist who argued that language and culture influenced development above and beyond what the biological perspective might allow | |
| 768643384 | John B. Watson | An early behaviorist who believed that classical conditioning would help explain a great deal of human behavior | |
| 768643385 | Wilheim Wundt | Considered the founder of experimental psychology at the University of Leipzig in 1879. Founded school of thought known as Structuralism | |
| 768643386 | Zone of proximal Development | The gap between the abilities of children that they are capable of dealing with and that they can deal with if provided with support |
