Units covering History and Approaches, Psychology Science, Neural Process and Endocrine system, brain, genetics, behavior, evolutionary psychology, sensation and perception, states of consciousness, learning, and memory.
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| 607532939 | Behaviorism | an approach to psychology that emphasizes observable measurable behavior | |
| 607532940 | Humanistic Psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth. | |
| 607532941 | Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language) | |
| 607532942 | Biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis. | |
| 607532943 | Biological Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes | |
| 607532944 | Evolutionary Psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection. | |
| 607532945 | Psychodynamic Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders. | |
| 607532946 | Behavioral Psychology | The scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning; as a theoretical orientation, behaviorism is based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | |
| 607532947 | Cognitive Psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating. | |
| 607532948 | Social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | |
| 607532949 | Developmental Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. | |
| 607532950 | Educational Psychology | The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning. | |
| 607532951 | Personality Psychology | The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | |
| 607532952 | Social Psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | |
| 607532953 | Human Factors Psychology | a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. | |
| 607532954 | Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | |
| 607532955 | Hypothesis | a proposal intended to explain certain facts or observations | |
| 607532956 | Operational Definition | Identifies one or more specific, observable events or conditions such that any other researcher can independently measure and/or test for them. | |
| 607532957 | Correlation | a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other | |
| 607532958 | Illusionary Correlation | The perception of a relationship where none exists--we are likely to notice or recall instances to confirm our belief. | |
| 607532959 | Random Assignment | assigning participants to experimental and control groups by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. | |
| 607532960 | Double-Blind Procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies. | |
| 607532961 | Placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent | |
| 607532962 | Experimental group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. | |
| 607532963 | Control Group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | |
| 607532964 | Independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | |
| 607532965 | Dependent variable | the variable that is measured in an experiment | |
| 607532966 | Confounding variable | A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. | |
| 607532967 | Normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. | |
| 607532968 | Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance. | |
| 607532969 | Neuron | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | |
| 607532970 | Sensory Neuron | nerve cell that carries information from the environment to the central nervous system | |
| 607532971 | Motor Neuron | A neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing the muscle or gland to react. | |
| 607532972 | Action Potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon. The action potential is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon's membrane. | |
| 607532973 | Threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse. | |
| 607532974 | Synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. | |
| 607532975 | Neurotransmitter | a chemical that is released by a neuron for the purpose of carrying information across the gaps (synapses) between neurons | |
| 607532976 | Central Nervous System | the portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord | |
| 607532977 | Peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | |
| 607532978 | Somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles. Also called the skeletal nervous system | |
| 607532979 | Autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). | |
| 607532980 | Parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy. | |
| 607532981 | Sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations. | |
| 607532982 | Endocrine System | the system of glands that produce endocrine secretions that help to control bodily metabolic activity. | |
| 607532983 | Pituitary Gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. | |
| 607532984 | Broca's Area | controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech | |
| 607532985 | Parietal lobe | portion behind to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temperature, and touch. | |
| 607532986 | Occipital lobe | portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision. | |
| 607532987 | Cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells covering the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. | |
| 607532988 | Amygdala | limbic system component associated with emotion, particularly fear and anger | |
| 607532989 | Cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | |
| 607532990 | Corpus Callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them. | |
| 607532991 | Left Hemisphere | This half of the brain generally specializes in analysis, calculation, problem solving, verbal communication, interpretation, language, reading & writing. It receives info and controls opposite of the body. Controls the right side of the body. | |
| 607532992 | Right hemisphere | The right side is more visual and processes intuitively, holistically, and randomly. Controls the left side of the body. | |
| 607532993 | Temporal lobe | The portion of the cerebral cortex that is just above the ears and that is involved in hearing, language processing, and memory. | |
| 607532994 | Hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage | |
| 607532995 | Motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements. | |
| 607532996 | Plasticity | the brain's capacity for modification, as evident in brain reorganization following damage (especially in children) and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development. | |
| 607532997 | CT | a method of examining body organs by scanning them with X rays and using a computer to construct a series of cross-sectional scans along a single axis | |
| 607532998 | MRI | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; allows us to see structures within the brain | |
| 607532999 | PET | using a computerized radiographic technique to examine the metabolic activity in various tissues (especially in the brain) | |
| 607533000 | Brain Stem | the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus | |
| 607533001 | Hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion. | |
| 607533002 | Behavioral genetice | The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior., The study of whether and how traits for behavior are inherited. | |
| 607533003 | Nature vs Nurture | the long-standing controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. | |
| 607533004 | Chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes. | |
| 607533005 | DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, the material that contains the information that determines inherited characteristics | |
| 607533006 | Genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein | |
| 607533007 | Genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | |
| 607533008 | Identical Twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms | |
| 607533009 | Fraternal Twins | twins who develop from separate eggs. they are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment | |
| 607533010 | Molecular genetics | the branch of genetics concerned with the structure and activity of genetic material at the molecular level | |
| 607533011 | Evolutionary psychology | the study of the evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection | |
| 607533012 | Natural Selection | process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest | |
| 607533013 | Mutation | change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information | |
| 607533014 | Sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | |
| 607533015 | Perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events | |
| 607533016 | Absolute Threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time | |
| 607533017 | Difference Threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. (Also called just noticeable difference or jnd.) | |
| 607533018 | Weber's Law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) | |
| 607533019 | Parallel Processing | The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | |
| 607533020 | Young-Helmholtz trichomatic theory | theory that the retina contains 3 different color receptors-one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue; which when stimulated in combination can produce the preception of any color. | |
| 607533021 | Opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green | |
| 607533022 | Place theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated. | |
| 607533023 | Conduction hearing loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea. | |
| 607533024 | Vestibular Sense | The sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance. | |
| 607533025 | Gate-control theory | theory that spinal cord contains neurological gate that blocks pains signals or allows them to pass. gate is opened by activity of pain going up small nerve fibers & gate is closed by act of large fibers or by info coming from brain. | |
| 607533026 | Gestalt | a configuration or pattern of elements so unified as a whole that it cannot be described merely as a sum of its parts | |
| 607533027 | Visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals | |
| 607533028 | Phi Phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession | |
| 607533029 | Circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms (for example, of temperature and wakefulness) that occur on a 24-hour cycle. | |
| 607533030 | REM Sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. | |
| 607533031 | Alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state. | |
| 607533032 | Delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep. | |
| 607533033 | Night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered | |
| 607533034 | Manifest content | According to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) | |
| 607533035 | Latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream (as distinct from its manifest content) | |
| 607533036 | Dissociation | a state in which some integrated part of a person's life becomes separated from the rest of the personality and functions independently | |
| 607533037 | Physical Dependence | a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued. | |
| 607533038 | Psychological dependence | a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions | |
| 607533039 | Depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. | |
| 607533040 | Stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. | |
| 607533041 | Amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes | |
| 607533042 | Methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels | |
| 607533043 | Hallucigans | Psychedelic ("mind-manifesting") drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input. | |
| 607533044 | Classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (US) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. Also called Pavlovian or respondent conditioning. | |
| 607533045 | Extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | |
| 607533046 | Spontaneous recovery | The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | |
| 607533047 | Generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | |
| 607533048 | Discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | |
| 607533049 | Operant Conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | |
| 607533050 | Law of effect | (psychology) the principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences | |
| 607533051 | Positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. Adding something positive to see more of the behavior. | |
| 607533052 | Negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: negative reinforcement is not punishment.) Taking away something negative to see more of the behavior. | |
| 607533053 | Punishment | Occurs when stimulus change immediately follows a response and decreases the future frequency of that type of behavior in similar conditions. Taking something good away to see less of the behavior. | |
| 607533054 | Schedules of reinforcement | the rule for determining when and how often reinforcers will continue; Four types of schedules: fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval; interval means over a time and ratio means an act; partial reinforcement is on a variable schedule whereas continuous reinforcement is on a fixed schedule; variable schedules are more effective in learning. | |
| 607533055 | Latent learning | Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | |
| 607533056 | Intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. | |
| 607533057 | Extrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment. | |
| 607533058 | Observational learning | A type of learning that occurs when an organism's responding is influenced by the observation of others, who are called models. | |
| 607533059 | Memory | the cognitive processes whereby past experience is remembered | |
| 607533060 | Long term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory | |
| 607533061 | Mood congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood | |
| 607533062 | Parallel processing | The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | |
| 607533063 | Flashbulb memory | A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. | |
| 607533064 | Proactive interference | The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. | |
| 607533065 | Automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings | |
| 607533066 | Amnesia | partial or total loss of memory | |
| 607533067 | Retroactive interference | The disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | |
| 607533068 | Effortful processing | Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. | |
| 607533069 | Implicit memory | memories we don't deliberately remember or reflect on consciously | |
| 607533070 | Explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) | |
| 607533071 | Misinformation effect | Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. | |
| 607533072 | Mnemonics | Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. | |
| 607533073 | Source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. | |
| 618098989 | Sigmund Freud | "Psycho"-Psychoanalysis | |
| 618098990 | Ivan Pavlov | "Had a dog" Created the classical conditioning theory., discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell | |
| 618098991 | B.F. Skinner | "Had a box"-experimented with animals and the rewarding and punishment system.-Operant Conditioning | |
| 618098992 | E.B. Tichener | Cared about the structure of something rather than the entire piece. | |
| 618098993 | Wilhem Wundt | Introspection- was the father of psychology and created the first psychology lab. | |
| 618098994 | Charles Sherrington | coined the term synapse to describe the junction between a presynaptic nerve terminal and a postsynaptic spine. | |
| 618098995 | Ramon Cajal | drew golgi stains, realized that neurons were individual cells that can communicate with each other (neuron doctrine) | |
| 618098996 | Roger Sperry | studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions | |
| 618098997 | Phineas Gage | Vermont railroad worker who survived a severe brain injury that changed his personality and behavior; his accident gave information on the brain and which parts are involved with emotional reasoning | |
| 618098998 | Paul Broca | the part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles involved in speech was named for him, because he first identified it | |
| 618098999 | Carl Wernicke | discovered area in left temporal lobe (named for him) involved in language comprehension - understanding speech and creating meaningful sentences | |
| 618099000 | John Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat | |
| 618099001 | Albert Bandura | pioneer in observational learning (AKA social learning), stated that people profit from the mistakes/successes of others; Studies: Bobo Dolls-adults demonstrated 'appropriate' play with dolls, children mimicked play | |
| 618099002 | John Garcia | Researched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance. | |
| 618099003 | Edward Thorndike | Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. | |
| 618099004 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well | |
| 618099005 | Elizabeth Loftus | cognition and memory; studied repressed memories and false memories; showed how easily memories could be changed and falsely created by techniques such as leading questions and illustrating the inaccuracy in eyewitness testimony | |
| 618099006 | George Miller | made famous the phrase: "the magical number 7, plus or minus 2" when describing human memory | |
| 618099007 | Edward Tolman | american psychologist who used the terms cognitive map and latent learning to describe experimental findings that strongly suggested the cognitive factors play a role in animal learning | |
| 618099008 | Noam Chomsky | language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language | |
| 618099009 | Wolfgang Kohler | Gestalt psychologist that first demonstrated insight through his chimpanzee experiments. He noticed the solution process wasn't slow, but sudden and reflective. | |
| 618099010 | Alfred Binet | French psychologist remembered for his studies of the intellectual development of children (1857-1911) | |
| 618099011 | Francis Galton | English scientist (cousin of Charles Darwin) who explored many fields: heredity, meteorology, statistics, psychology, anthropology | |
| 618099012 | Howard Gardner | devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic | |
| 618099013 | Charles Spearman | intelligence; found that specific mental talents were highly correlated, concluded that all cognitive abilities showed a common core which he labeled 'g' (general ability) | |
| 618099014 | Robert Sternberg | intelligence; devised the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence (academic problem-solving, practical, and creative) | |
| 618099015 | Lewis Terman | professor at Stanford who revised the Binet test for Americans. The test then became the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test. He is also known for his longitudinal research on gifted kids. | |
| 618099016 | David Wechsler | a psychologist who developed tests similar to the Stanford-Binet IQ test, aimed at both adults and children | |
| 618099017 | Alfred Kinsey | regarded by some as the father of the scientific study of human sexuality. Published a series of reports which described common sexual behaviors in the US | |
| 618099018 | Masters and Johnson | among the first to use laboratory experimentation and observation to study the sexual response cycle (1950s-60s); levels include excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution | |
| 618099019 | Simon LeVay | Gay scientist that discovered that part of hypothalamus is larger in straight men than in gay men and women. | |
| 618099020 | James & Lange | emotion theory in which the physiological reaction occurs first and then the emotion is determined | |
| 618099021 | Cannon & Bard | theory of emotion that the body changes and understanding of the emotion occurs simultaneously from ques in the thalamus | |
| 618099022 | Schachter & Singer | proposed the Schachter-Singer theory of emotions (that physiological arousal will be interpreted as different emotions depending on environmental cues) | |
| 618099023 | Paul Ekman | emotion; found that facial expressions are universal | |
| 618099024 | Jean Piaget | Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) | |
| 618099025 | Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? | |
| 618099026 | Erik Erikson | neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | |
| 618099027 | Harry Harlow | development, contact comfort, attachment; experimented with baby rhesus monkeys and presented them with cloth or wire "mothers;" showed that the monkeys became attached to the cloth mothers because of contact comfort | |
| 618099028 | Jerome Kagan | Psychologist who believed in more biological view, thought our genes had a lot of effect on our personality and thinks child shyness is caused by autonomic nervous system | |
| 618099029 | Diane Baumrind | theorist associated with parenting styles - authoritarian, authoritative, permissive, neglectful | |
| 618099030 | Judith Rich Harris | Wrote the book, "The Nurture Assumption", and wrote about parental and peer influence | |
| 618099031 | Carol Gilligan | moral development studies to follow up Kohlberg. She studied girls and women and found that they did not score as high on his six stage scale because they focused more on relationships rather than laws and principles. Their reasoning was merely different, not better or worse | |
| 618099032 | Alfred Adler | 1870-1937; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: basic mistakes, style of life, inferiority/superiority complexes, childhood influences personality formation; Studies: Birth Order | |
| 618099033 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation | |
| 618099034 | Karen Horney | 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends | |
| 618099035 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person | |
| 618099036 | Abraham Maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence | |
| 618099037 | Gordon Allport | trait theory of personality; 3 levels of traits: cardinal, central, and secondary | |
| 618099038 | Hans Eysenck | a British psychologist (born in Germany) noted for his theories of intelligence and personality and for his strong criticism of Freudian psychoanalysis | |
| 618099039 | Hans Selye | (1907-1982) Psychologist who researched a recurring response to stress that he called the general adaptation syndrome | |
| 618099040 | Milgram | researcher famous for teacher-learner study on obedience to authority | |
| 618099041 | Asch | performed famous study on conformity in which people gave an obviously incorrect answer just to conform to the group - line study | |
| 618099042 | Janus | Roman god of beginnings and endings; often depicted with two faces on gates and arches | |
| 618099043 | Festinger | experimenter famous for $1 or $20 experiment on cognitive dissonance | |
| 618099044 | Kelley | Suggested that personal constructs determine behavior | |
| 618099045 | Zimbardo | experimentor famous for research on how roles influence behavior and the power of the situation in a mock prison |
