Terms : Hide Images
| 7324053727 | Hindsight Bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. |  | 0 |
| 7324063513 | Overconfidence | tending to think we know more than we do. |  | 1 |
| 7324074358 | What are the three main components of the scientific attitude? | skepticism, humility, curiosity | 2 | |
| 7324087078 | The purpose of psychological research: | predict and manipulate behavior | 3 | |
| 7324089444 | Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events. | 4 | |
| 7324102837 | Hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory. | 5 | |
| 7324132506 | Operational Definition | a statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. | 6 | |
| 7324140636 | Replication | Repeating the | 7 | |
| 7324123987 | Critical Thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | 8 | |
| 7327765094 | Case Study | an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles | 9 | |
| 7327765188 | Social Desirability Bias | answers questions based on favorability | 10 | |
| 7327781785 | Volunteer Bias | Doesn't represent everybody | 11 | |
| 7327786416 | Survey | a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group. | 12 | |
| 7327809858 | Hawthorne Effect | changing behavior because you are being watched | 13 | |
| 7327818441 | Naturalistic Observation | observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation. | 14 | |
| 7327828224 | Random Sample | every person in the entire group has an equal chance of participating | 15 | |
| 7328441150 | Population | all the cases in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. | 16 | |
| 7328448026 | Wording Effects | even subtle changes in the order or wording of questions can have major effects | 17 | |
| 7328458532 | Correlation | a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. | 18 | |
| 7328465632 | Correlation Coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (r). | 19 | |
| 7328992107 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each dot represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation) |  | 20 |
| 7329051991 | Positive Correlation | two sets of scores will rise and fall together |  | 21 |
| 7329054720 | Negative Correlation | two sets of scores relate inversely ( one going up, one going down). |  | 22 |
| 7329060867 | Perfect Correlation | r = +1 OR -1 |  | 23 |
| 7329066955 | Weak Correlation | indicating little relationship, has a coefficient of zero. |  | 24 |
| 7329075875 | Illusory Correlation | the perception of a relationship where none exists |  | 25 |
| 7329080736 | Experiment | a research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variable) to observe the effect on some behavior or some mental process (the dependent variables). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors. |  | 26 |
| 7329135085 | Control Group | in an experiment, the group that is NOT exposed to treatment | 27 | |
| 7329148318 | Random Assignment | assigning participants to expirimental and control groups by chance, thus minimazing prexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups. | 28 | |
| 7329159215 | Experimental Group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to treatment | 29 | |
| 7329169063 | Double-blind Procedure | an experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants received the treatment or the placebo | 30 | |
| 7329187452 | Placebo Effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance/condition. | 31 | |
| 7329203316 | Independent Variable | the expirimental factor that is manipulated; variable being studied. | 32 | |
| 7329210148 | Dependent Variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to the manipulations of the independent variable. | 33 | |
| 7329225005 | Confounding (Extraneous) Variables | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment (outside effects) | 34 | |
| 7329244287 | Mode | the most frequently occurred score(s) in a distribution | 35 | |
| 7329250853 | Mean | the arithmetic average of a distribution obtained by adding all the scores together and then dividing by the number of scores there are. | 36 | |
| 7329263917 | Median | the middle score of a distribution; half the scores are below it and half are above it | 37 | |
| 7329284865 | Range | the difference between the highest and the lowest scores. | 38 | |
| 7329289539 | Standard Deviation | a completed measure of how much scores around the mean score | 39 | |
| 7329292870 | Normal Curve | scores on an aptitude test tend to form a normal, or bell-shaped curve | 40 | |
| 7329302779 | Positive Skew | when the scores pull the mean to the higher end of the scores (greater than rest) | 41 | |
| 7329306888 | Negative Skew | mean being pulled down toward lower end of scores | 42 | |
| 7329317288 | Descriptive Statistics | data used to measure and describe the characteristics of groups | 43 | |
| 7329323649 | Inferential Statistics | numerical data that allows to generalize the sample to the population | 44 | |
| 7329341896 | Statistical Significance | the likely-hood that a result occurred by chance. | 45 | |
| 7329353338 | p-value | statistical significance (when 0.05 or lower) | 46 | |
| 7329368148 | Ethical Principles | 1) obtain informed consent of potential participants 2) protect them from harm and discomfort 3) treat information about individual participants, confidentiality 4) fully debrief people; explain research afterwards | 47 | |
| 7329394233 | Socrates & Plato | (428-348 B.C.E) concluded that the mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies, and that knowledge is innate- born with us. | 48 | |
| 7329408276 | Aristotle | (384-322 B.C.E) derived principles from careful observations; says knowledge is not preexisting; it grows from the experiences stored in our memories. | 49 | |
| 7329424542 | Rene Descartes | (1595-1626) agreed with Socrates and Plato about the mind being completely distinct from the body. He dissected animals and concluded the fluid leaving was the spirit. | 50 | |
| 7329443518 | John Locke | (1632-1704) argued that the mind at birth is a "tabula rasa"- a blank slate. Helped from modern empiricism. | 51 | |
| 7329478964 | Francis Bacon | (1561-1626) one founder of modern science; interested in the mind and it's failings. The human understandings from its peculiar nature, easily supposes a greater degree of order and equality in things than it really finds | 52 | |
| 7329493946 | Empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely in observation and experience. | 53 | |
| 7329521222 | Wilhelm Wundt (1879) | him and two of his students built a machine that measured time lag between peoples hearing and a ball hitting a platform | 54 | |
| 7329535207 | Functionalism | (William James) an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind. | 55 | |
| 7329550270 | Introspection | the examination or observation of one's own mental and emotional processes. | 56 | |
| 7329552841 | Functionalist | encouraged explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness. | 57 | |
| 7329573727 | Who developed the psychoanalytic theory? | Sigmund Frued | 58 | |
| 7329579527 | What was psychology first defined as? | the science of mental life | 59 | |
| 7329583402 | Behaviorism | (John B. Watson & B.F. Skinner) the 1) view that psychology should be an objective science that studies 2) behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with 1 but not 2. | 60 | |
| 7329617398 | Humanistic Psychology | (Carl Rogers & Abraham Maslow) historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individuals potential for personal growth. | 61 | |
| 7329633918 | Cognitive Neuroscience | the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition (including perception, thinking, memory, and language). | 62 | |
| 7329647895 | *Psyhcology | the science of behavior and mental processes. | 63 | |
| 7329653521 | Nature-Nurture Issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture. | 64 | |
| 7329714894 | Natural Selction | the principle that, among the range if inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations. | 65 | |
| 7329741100 | Levels of Analyisis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon | 66 | |
| 7329760932 | Biopsychosocial Approach | this integrated viewpoint incorporates various levels of analysis and offers a more complete picture of any given behavior or mental process. | 67 | |
| 7329802398 | Biological Influences | natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predispositions responding to the environment, brain mechanisms, hormonal influences | 68 | |
| 7329829116 | Psychological Influences | learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, cognitive processing, and perceptual interpretations. | 69 | |
| 7329843134 | Social-cultural Influences | presence of others, cultural, societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, compelling models (such as the media) | 70 | |
| 7329856771 | Biological Perspective | might study brain circuits that cause us to be "red in the face" and "hot under the collar" or how hereditary and experience influence our individual differences in temperament. | 71 | |
| 7329888237 | Evolutionary Perspective | analyze how anger facilitated the survival of our ancestors genes. | 72 | |
| 7329914419 | Psychodynamic perspective | view an outburst as an outlet for unconscious hostility. | 73 | |
| 7329923218 | Behavioral Perspective | attempt to determine which external stimuli trigger angry responses or aggressive acts. | 74 | |
| 7329929569 | Cognitive Perspective | study how our interpretation of a situation affects our anger and how our anger affects our thinking. | 75 | |
| 7329959398 | Social-cultural Perspective | explore how expressions of anger vary across cultural contexts. | 76 | |
| 7329972978 | Psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitude, and traits | 77 | |
| 7329986543 | Developmental psychology | the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. | 78 | |
| 7329998488 | Educational Psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning. | 79 | |
| 7330013787 | Social psychology | the scientific study if how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. | 80 | |
| 7330022457 | Personality psychology | the study of an individuals characteristics pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | 81 | |
| 7330036147 | Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | 82 | |
| 7330050062 | Human Factors psychology | the study of how people and machines interact and the design of safe and easily used machines and evironments | 83 | |
| 7330061383 | Clinical | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | 84 | |
| 7330072217 | Counseling Psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being | 85 | |
| 7330079697 | Psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as therapy | 86 | |
| 7330099764 | Basic Research | builds psychology knowledge | 87 | |
| 7330104126 | Applied Research | tackles practical problems | 88 | |
| 7330113079 | Social Psychologists | study how thoughts, behaviors | 89 | |
| 7330116451 | Attribution Theory | the theory that we explain someones behavior by crediting either the situation or the persons dispostion | 90 | |
| 7330131159 | Dispositional attribuations | personality | 91 | |
| 7330133247 | Situational attribution | external factors | 92 | |
| 7330138934 | Fundamental Attribution Error | the tendency for observers, when analyzing anothers behavior to underestimate the impact of personal dispostions | 93 | |
| 7330151145 | Attitude | feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events | 94 | |
| 7330170257 | Central Route Persuasion | attitude change path in which interested people focus on the arguments and respond with favorable thoughts | 95 | |
| 7330192964 | Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request. | 96 | |
| 7330203202 | Role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave | 97 | |
| 7330220702 | Phillip Zimbardo's Expiriment | guards and prisoners | 98 | |
| 7330225927 | Cognitive Dissonance Theory | we act to reduce to discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts (cognitive) are inconsistent | 99 | |
| 7330242508 | Chameleon Effect | unconsciously mimicking others expressions, postures, and voice tones helps us feel what they are feeling | 100 | |
| 7330255297 | Conformity | adjusting one's behavior/thinking to coincide with a group standard. | 101 | |
| 7330268746 | Solomon Asch's | devised a simple test; when given that test with other people you're going to answer whatever the rest answer | 102 | |
| 7330279931 | Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a persons desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval | 103 | |
| 7330289832 | Informational Social Influence | influence resulting from ones willingness to accept others opinions about reality | 104 | |
| 7330297017 | Stanley Milgram | teacher and learner | 105 | |
| 7330301974 | Social Facilitation | stronger responses on simple or well-learned tasks in the presence of others | 106 | |
| 7330308433 | Social Loafing | the tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable | 107 | |
| 7330335645 | Individuation | the loss of self awareness and self -restraint occurring in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity | 108 | |
| 7330345423 | Groupthink | the mode of thinking that occurs when the desire for harmony in a decision-making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives | 109 | |
| 7330356145 | Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 110 | |
| 7330369679 | Norms | an understood rule for accepted and expected behavior; norms prescribe "proper" behavior | 111 | |
| 7330380270 | Personal space | the buffer zone we like to maintain around our bodies | 112 | |
| 7330389718 | Prejudice | an unjustifiable (and usually negative) attitude towards a group of people; stereotyped beliefs | 113 | |
| 7330395915 | Sterotype | a generalized belief about a certain group of people | 114 | |
| 7330399741 | Discrimination | unjustifiable negative behavior toward a group and it's members | 115 | |
| 7330404326 | Ingroup | "us"- people with whom we share a common identity | 116 | |
| 7330410041 | Outgroup | "them"- those perceived as different or apart from our ingroup | 117 | |
| 7330419650 | Scapegoat Theory | the theory that prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame | 118 | |
| 7330426604 | Ethnocentrism | belief that your society, group, and culture is superior to all others | 119 | |
| 7330434260 | Other-race effect | the tendency to recall faces of ones own race more accurately then faces of other races; also called the cross race effect and own race bias | 120 | |
| 7330446816 | Just-world Phenomenon | the tendency for people to believe the world is just and that people therefore get what they deserve | 121 | |
| 7332458938 | Lack of Serotonin=? | more agressive | 122 | |
| 7332460442 | Agression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to hurt or destroy | 123 | |
| 7332468661 | Are there genetic influences of aggression? | yea | 124 | |
| 7332473628 | Neutral Influences | the brain has a neural system that when provoked, will facilitate aggression | 125 | |
| 7332481107 | Biochemical Influences | hormones, alc., and other substances in the body. | 126 | |
| 7332495238 | Frustration-aggression Principle | the principle that frustration- the blocking which can generate aggression | 127 | |
| 7332501378 | Social and Cultural Influences of Aggression | 1) individuation from being in a crowd 2) challenging environmental factors, such as crowding, heat, and direct provocations 3) parental models of aggression being rejected from a group 4)exposure to violent media | 128 | |
| 7332523750 | Impact of Observing T.V. Violence | tends to desensitize cruelty | 129 | |
| 7332525866 | Rape Myth | the idea that women enjoy rape and get "swept away" while being "taken" | 130 | |
| 7332535162 | Higher Pornography Consumption= | greater sexual aggressive behavior | 131 | |
| 7332538676 | Exposure to Pornography Lead to | 1) own partner being less attractive 2) friendliness seems more sexual 3) makes sexual aggression seem less serious | 132 | |
| 7332545050 | Social Scripts | mental tapes for how we act, provided by our culture | 133 | |
| 7332568740 | Adolesents who play alot of video games | 1) see the world as more hostile 2) get into more arguments and fights 3) get worse grades | 134 | |
| 7332576335 | Catharsis Hypothesis | the idea that we feel better when we "blow off steam" | 135 | |
| 7332580641 | Mere Exposure Effect | within certain limits, familiarity, breeds fondess | 136 | |
| 7332588552 | Passionate Love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another; usually present at the beginning of a love relationship. | 137 | |
| 7332598784 | Companionate Love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined. | 138 | |
| 7332607398 | Equity | a condition in which people receive from a relationship in proportion to what they give to it | 139 | |
| 7332620229 | Altruism | unselfish regard for the welfare of others | 140 | |
| 7332978478 | Self Disclosure | revealing intimate aspects on oneself to others | 141 | |
| 7332982804 | Bystander Effect | the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if others are prensent | 142 | |
| 7332995971 | Social Exchange Theory | the theory that our social behavior is an exchange process, the aim of which is to maximize benefits and minimize costs | 143 |
