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| 7456077785 | empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation |  | 0 |
| 7456077786 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |  | 1 |
| 7456077787 | functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish |  | 2 |
| 7456077788 | experimental psychology | the study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method |  | 3 |
| 7456077789 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2) |  | 4 |
| 7456077790 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for personal growth |  | 5 |
| 7456077791 | psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes |  | 6 |
| 7456077792 | nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. Today's science sees traits and behaviors arising from the interaction of nature and nurture |  | 7 |
| 7456077793 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |  | 8 |
| 7456077794 | level of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon |  | 9 |
| 7456077795 | biopsychosocial approach | an integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis |  | 10 |
| 7456077796 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes |  | 11 |
| 7456077797 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection |  | 12 |
| 7456077798 | psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders |  | 13 |
| 7456077799 | behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning |  | 14 |
| 7456077800 | cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicatin |  | 15 |
| 7456077801 | social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking | 16 | |
| 7456077802 | psychometrics | the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits | 17 | |
| 7456077803 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |  | 18 |
| 7456077804 | developmental psychology | the scientific study of physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 19 | |
| 7456077805 | educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning |  | 20 |
| 7456077806 | personality psychology | the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting |  | 21 |
| 7456077807 | social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |  | 22 |
| 7456077817 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |  | 23 |
| 7456077820 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | 24 | |
| 7456077822 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment |  | 25 |
| 7456077823 | John Locke | English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people; also said people have natural rights to life, liberty and property. |  | 26 |
| 7456077824 | Abraham Maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence |  | 27 |
| 7456077829 | Carl Rogers | 1902-1987; Field: humanistic; Contributions: founded person-centered therapy, theory that emphasizes the unique quality of humans especially their freedom and potential for personal growth, unconditional positive regard, fully functioning person |  | 28 |
| 7456077832 | E. B. Tictchner | Introduced experimental psychology to the United States |  | 29 |
| 7456077834 | John B. Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat |  | 30 |
| 7456077835 | Wilhelm Wundt | german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 |  | 31 |
| 7456077836 | Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings |  | 32 |
| 7456077837 | Gestalt Psychology | a psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts |  | 33 |
