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| 7397801907 | empiricism | the view that knowledge originates in sensory experiences and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation | 0 | |
| 7397801908 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the structural elements of the human mind |  | 1 |
| 7397801909 | functionalism | a school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive and flourish |  | 2 |
| 7397801910 | experimental psychology | the study of behavior and thinking using the scientific method | 3 | |
| 7397801911 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. These psychologists also believe that behavior can be shaped by rewards and punishments. |  | 4 |
| 7397801912 | humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and the individual's potential for reaching self actualization. | 5 | |
| 7397801913 | psychology | the science that studies behavior and mental processes |  | 6 |
| 7397801914 | nature-nurture issue | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors. | 7 | |
| 7397801915 | natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival with most likely be passed on to succeeding generations |  | 8 |
| 7397801916 | level of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given behavior. |  | 9 |
| 7397801918 | biological psychology | a branch of psychology that studies the links between biological (including neuroscience and behavior genetics) and psychological processes. |  | 10 |
| 7397801919 | evolutionary psychology | the study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection |  | 11 |
| 7397801920 | psychodynamic psychology | a branch of psychology that studies how unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior, and uses that information to treat people with psychological disorders | 12 | |
| 7397801921 | behavioral psychology | the scientific study of observable behavior, and its explanation by principles of learning |  | 13 |
| 7397801922 | cognitive psychology | the scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communication | 14 | |
| 7397801923 | social-cultural psychology | the study of how situations and differences between cultures affect our behavior and thinking | 15 | |
| 7397801925 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base |  | 16 |
| 7397801929 | social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another |  | 17 |
| 7397801930 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 18 | |
| 7397801933 | counseling psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being (coping strategies) |  | 19 |
| 7397801934 | clinical psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | 20 | |
| 7397801935 | psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who often provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy |  | 21 |
| 7397801936 | Aristotle | Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry. |  | 22 |
| 7397801938 | Mary Whiton Calkins | American psychologist who conducted research on memory, personality, and dreams; first woman president of the American Psychological Association |  | 23 |
| 7397801939 | Charles Darwin | English natural scientist who formulated a theory of evolution by natural selection (1809-1882) |  | 24 |
| 7397801942 | Sigmund Freud | Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis (1856-1939); Said that human behavior is irrational; behavior is the outcome of conflict between the id (irrational unconscious driven by sexual, aggressive, and pleasure-seeking desires) and ego (rationalizing conscious, what one can do) and superego (ingrained moral values, what one should do). | 25 | |
| 7397801944 | William James | founder of functionalism; studied how humans use perception to function in our environment |  | 26 |
| 7397801946 | Abraham Maslow | humanistic psychology; hierarchy of needs-needs at a lower level dominate an individual's motivation as long as they are unsatisfied; self-actualization, transcendence |  | 27 |
| 7397801952 | B. F. Skinner | behaviorism; pioneer in operant conditioning; behavior is based on an organism's reinforcement history; worked with pigeons |  | 28 |
| 7397801954 | E. B. Tictchner | Introduced experimental psychology to the United States |  | 29 |
| 7397801955 | Margaret Floyd Washburn | Was the first female PhD in psychology |  | 30 |
| 7397801956 | John B. Watson | behaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat |  | 31 |
| 7397801957 | Wilhelm Wundt | german physiologist who founded psychology as a formal science; opened first psychology research laboratory in 1879 |  | 32 |
| 7397801958 | Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings | 33 |
