Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 5431067464 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |  | 0 |
| 5431067465 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |  | 1 |
| 5431067466 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |  | 2 |
| 5431067467 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. |  | 3 |
| 5431067468 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |  | 4 |
| 5431067469 | unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | | 5 |
| 5431067470 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | | 6 |
| 5431067471 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | | 7 |
| 5431067472 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | | 8 |
| 5431067473 | acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. |  | 9 |
| 5431067474 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.) |  | 10 |
| 5431067475 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | | 11 |
| 5431067476 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. |  | 12 |
| 5431067477 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. |  | 13 |
| 5431067478 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. |  | 14 |
| 5431067479 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |  | 15 |
| 5431067480 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |  | 16 |
| 5431067481 | law of effect | The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences |  | 17 |
| 5431067482 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |  | 18 |
| 5431067483 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. |  | 19 |
| 5431067484 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. |  | 20 |
| 5431067485 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 21 |
| 5431067486 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 22 |
| 5431067487 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |  | 23 |
| 5431067488 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |  | 24 |
| 5431067489 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |  | 25 |
| 5431067490 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. |  | 26 |
| 5431067491 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. |  | 27 |
| 5431067492 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | | 28 |
| 5431067493 | fixed- interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | | 29 |
| 5431067494 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time. | | 30 |
| 5431067495 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |  | 31 |
| 5431067496 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |  | 32 |
| 5431067497 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. |  | 33 |
| 5431067498 | observational learning | learning by observing others (also called social learning). |  | 34 |
| 5431067499 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 35 |
| 5431067500 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |  | 36 |
| 5431075705 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event | 37 | |
| 5431078166 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system | 38 | |
| 5431081103 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time | 39 | |
| 5431083322 | retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage | 40 | |
| 5431086142 | sensory memory | the immediate, initial recording of sensory information in the memory system | 41 | |
| 5431089457 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly | 42 | |
| 5431092630 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system | 43 | |
| 5431100504 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information | 44 | |
| 5431102676 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort | 45 | |
| 5431105677 | rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage | 46 | |
| 5431109240 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice | 47 | |
| 5431114579 | serial position effect | our tendency to best recall the first and last items in a list | 48 | |
| 5431118036 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning | 49 | |
| 5431119984 | acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words | 50 | |
| 5431121409 | visual encoding | the encoding of picture images | 51 | |
| 5431122632 | mneumonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices | 52 | |
| 5431127155 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units | 53 | |
| 5431130344 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic picture memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second | 54 | |
| 5431136268 | echoic memory | momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli | 55 | |
| 5431143398 | long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after a brief, rapid stimulation | 56 | |
| 5431147187 | amnesia | the loss of memory | 57 | |
| 5431149160 | implicit memory | retention without conscious recollection (think: skills) | 58 | |
| 5431150819 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" | 59 | |
| 5431158184 | hippocampus | neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage | 60 | |
| 5431162210 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the blank test | 61 | |
| 5431167603 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple choice test | 62 | |
| 5431202933 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. | 63 | |
| 5431206771 | deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues come from the current situation, may trigger retrieval of earlier experience | 64 | |
| 5431213711 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | 65 | |
| 5431216530 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | 66 | |
| 5431219458 | repression | the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts | 67 |
