Advanced Placement Psychology
Enterprise High School, Redding, CA
All terms from Myers Psychology for AP (BFW Worth, 2011)
Terms : Hide Images
| 8644574214 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. |  | 0 |
| 8644574215 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. |  | 1 |
| 8644574216 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). |  | 2 |
| 8644574217 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events. | 3 | |
| 8644574218 | behaviorism | the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2). |  | 4 |
| 8644574219 | unconditioned response (UR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | 5 | |
| 8644574220 | unconditioned stimulus (US) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | 6 | |
| 8644574221 | conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | 7 | |
| 8644574222 | conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response. | 8 | |
| 8644574223 | acquisition | in classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response. | 9 | |
| 8644574224 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | 10 | |
| 8644574225 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response. | 11 | |
| 8644574226 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses. | 12 | |
| 8644574227 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus. | 13 | |
| 8644574228 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events. |  | 14 |
| 8644574229 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher. |  | 15 |
| 8644574230 | law of effect | The principle that behaviors are selected by their consequences | 16 | |
| 8644574231 | operant chamber | in operant conditioning research, an apparatus (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. |  | 17 |
| 8644574232 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior. | 18 | |
| 8644574233 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows. | 19 | |
| 8644574234 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. Any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. |  | 20 |
| 8644574235 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. | 21 | |
| 8644574236 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need. |  | 22 |
| 8644574237 | conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as a secondary reinforcer. |  | 23 |
| 8644574238 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs. |  | 24 |
| 8644574239 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement. | 25 | |
| 8644574240 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses. | 26 | |
| 8644574241 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses. | 27 | |
| 8644574242 | fixed- interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed. | 28 | |
| 8644574243 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time. | 29 | |
| 8644574244 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows. |  | 30 |
| 8644574245 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. |  | 31 |
| 8644574246 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it. | 32 | |
| 8644574247 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake. | 33 | |
| 8644574248 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment. | 34 | |
| 8644574249 | observational learning | learning by observing others (also called social learning). |  | 35 |
| 8644574250 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |  | 36 |
| 8644574251 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy. |  | 37 |
| 8644574252 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior |  | 38 |
