RCHS Advanced Placement Psychology
Unit 2 Chapter 9 Terms
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| 12503815488 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. |  | 0 |
| 12503815489 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system—for example, by extracting meaning. |  | 1 |
| 12503815490 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time. |  | 2 |
| 12503815491 | retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage. | | 3 |
| 12503815492 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. | | 4 |
| 12503815493 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. | | 5 |
| 12503815494 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. | | 6 |
| 12503815495 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. | | 7 |
| 12503815496 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. |  | 8 |
| 12503815497 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. |  | 9 |
| 12503815498 | rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. |  | 10 |
| 12503815499 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. |  | 11 |
| 12503815500 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. |  | 12 |
| 12503815501 | visual encoding | the encoding of picture images. |  | 13 |
| 12503815502 | acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. |  | 14 |
| 12503815503 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. |  | 15 |
| 12503815504 | imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. |  | 16 |
| 12503815505 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. |  | 17 |
| 12503815506 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units in STM because space is limited to 7 bits. This increasing the efficiency of STM. |  | 18 |
| 12503815507 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. |  | 19 |
| 12503815508 | echoic memory | A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. |  | 20 |
| 12503815509 | long-term potentiation (LTP) | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. |  | 21 |
| 12503815510 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. |  | 22 |
| 12503815511 | amnesia | the loss of memory. |  | 23 |
| 12503815512 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection. (Also called non-declarative or procedural memory.) |  | 24 |
| 12503815513 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare." (Also called declarative memory.) |  | 25 |
| 12503815514 | hippocampus | a neural center that is located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories for storage. |  | 26 |
| 12503815515 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. |  | 27 |
| 12503815516 | recognition | a measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. |  | 28 |
| 12503815517 | relearning | a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. |  | 29 |
| 12503815518 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response. |  | 30 |
| 12503815519 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. |  | 31 |
| 12503815520 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information. |  | 32 |
| 12503815521 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information. | | 33 |
| 12503815522 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. |  | 34 |
| 12503815523 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. |  | 35 |
| 12503815524 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. (Also called source misattribution.) Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. |  | 36 |
| 12503815525 | Consolidation | The process of the brain forming a LTM | 37 | |
| 12503815526 | episodic memory | Explicit memories that have a time and a place. | 38 | |
| 12503815527 | procedural memory | Implicit memories (retrieved unconsciously) which involved motor skills; for example; riding a bike, typing, and tying a shoe. | 39 | |
| 12503815528 | Curve of forgetting | Indicates LTM decay over time. Rapid decay occurs within the first 20 minutes and then memory decay slows down to 20-30% over 30 days. | 40 | |
| 12503815529 | Selective Attention | Transferring sensory memory into STM. | 41 | |
| 12503815530 | Elaborative Rehearsal | Connecting new information with memories already stored in LTM. | 42 | |
| 12503815531 | Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating new information over and over to strengthen LTM. | 43 | |
| 12503815532 | Deep processing | Similar to elaboratiave rehearsal; connecting semantics of a new word to LTM which builds a strong memory trace that is resistant to memory decay. | 44 | |
| 12503815533 | Shallow Processing | Phonetic memory building which leads to a fragile memory trace that is susceptible to rapid decay. (Focusing on how to say the word). | 45 | |
| 12503815534 | cerebellum | Brain part that stores implicit memories. | 46 | |
| 12503815535 | hippocampus | Brain part responsible for the storage of LTM. | 47 | |
| 12503815536 | Engrams | Karl Lashley searched the brain for specific memory traces. Never found them | 48 |
