Terms : Hide Images
| 5844807295 | psychology | the study of behavior and mental processes | 0 | |
| 5844807296 | psychology's biggest question | Which is more important in determining behavior, nature or nurture? | 1 | |
| 5844807297 | psychology's three levels of analysis | biopsychosocial approach (looks at the biological, psychological, and social-cultural approaches together) | 2 | |
| 5844807298 | biological approach | genetics, close-relatives, body functions | 3 | |
| 5844807299 | evolutionary approach | species - helped with survival (ancestors) | 4 | |
| 5844807300 | psychodynamic approach | (Freud) subconscious, repressed feelings, unfulfilled wishes | 5 | |
| 5844807301 | behavioral approach | learning (classical and operant) observed | 6 | |
| 5844807302 | cognitive approach | thinking affects behavior | 7 | |
| 5844807303 | humanistic approach | becoming a better human (behavior, acceptance) | 8 | |
| 5844807304 | social-cultural approach | cultural, family, environment | 9 | |
| 5844807305 | two reasons of why experiments are important | hindsight bias + overconfidence | 10 | |
| 5844807306 | types of research methods | descriptive, correlational, and experimental | 11 | |
| 5844807307 | descriptive methods | case study survey naturalistic observation (DON'T SHOW CAUSE/EFFECT) | 12 | |
| 5844807308 | case study | studies one person in depth may not be typical of population | 13 | |
| 5844807309 | survey | studies lots of people not in depth | 14 | |
| 5844807310 | naturalistic observation | observe + write facts without interference | 15 | |
| 5844807311 | correlational method | shows relation, but not cause/effect scatterplots show research | 16 | |
| 5844807312 | correlation coefficient | + 1.0 (both increase) 0 (no correlation - 1.0 (one increases, other decreases) | 17 | |
| 5844807313 | experimental method | does show cause and effect | 18 | |
| 5844807314 | population | type of people who are going to be used in experiment | 19 | |
| 5844807315 | sample | actual people who will be used (randomness reduces bias) | 20 | |
| 5844807316 | random assignment | chance selection between experimental and control groups | 21 | |
| 5844807317 | control group | not receiving experimental treatment receives placebo | 22 | |
| 5844807318 | experimental group | receiving treatment/drug | 23 | |
| 5844807319 | independent variable | drug/procedure/treatment | 24 | |
| 5844807320 | dependent variable | outcome of using the drug/treatment | 25 | |
| 5844807321 | confounding variable | can affect dependent variable beyond experiment's control | 26 | |
| 5844807322 | scientific method | theory hypothesis operational definition revision | 27 | |
| 5844807323 | theory | general idea being tested | 28 | |
| 5844807324 | hypothesis | measurable/specific | 29 | |
| 5844807325 | operational definition | procedures that explain components | 30 | |
| 5844807326 | mode | appears the most | 31 | |
| 5844807327 | mean | average | 32 | |
| 5844807328 | median | middle | 33 | |
| 5844807329 | range | highest - lowest | 34 | |
| 5844807330 | standard deviation | how scores vary around the mean | 35 | |
| 5844807331 | central tendency | single score that represents the whole | 36 | |
| 5844807332 | bell curve | (natural curve) |  | 37 |
| 5844807333 | ethics of testing on animals | need to be treated humanly basically similar to humans | 38 | |
| 5844807334 | ethics of testing on humans | consent debriefing no unnecessary discomfort/pain confidentiality | 39 | |
| 5844807335 | sensory neurons | travel from sensory receptors to brain | 40 | |
| 5844807336 | motor neurons | travel from brain to "motor" workings | 41 | |
| 5844807337 | interneurons | (in brain and spinal cord) connecting motor and sensory neurons | 42 | |
| 5844807338 | neuron |  | 43 | |
| 5844807339 | dendrites | receive messages from other neurons | 44 | |
| 5844807340 | myelin sheath | protects the axon | 45 | |
| 5844807341 | axon | where charges travel from cell body to axon terminal | 46 | |
| 5844807342 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers | 47 | |
| 5844807343 | reuptake | extra neurotransmitters are taken back | 48 | |
| 5844807344 | excitatory charge | "Let's do it!" | 49 | |
| 5844807345 | inhibitory charge | "Let's not do it!" | 50 | |
| 5844807346 | central nervous system | brain and spinal cord | 51 | |
| 5844807347 | peripheral nervous system | somatic nervous system autonomic nervous system | 52 | |
| 5844807348 | somatic nervous system | voluntary movements | 53 | |
| 5844807349 | autonomic nervous system | involuntary movements (sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems) | 54 | |
| 5844807350 | sympathetic nervous system | arousing | 55 | |
| 5844807351 | parasympathetic nervous system | calming | 56 | |
| 5844807352 | neural networks | more connections form with greater use others fall away if not used | 57 | |
| 5844807353 | spinal cord | expressway of information bypasses brain when reflexes involved | 58 | |
| 5844807354 | endocrine system | slow uses hormones in the blood system | 59 | |
| 5844807355 | master gland | pituitary gland | 60 | |
| 5844807356 | brainstem | extension of the spinal cord responsible for automatic survival | 61 | |
| 5844807357 | reticular formation (if stimulated) | sleeping subject wakes up | 62 | |
| 5844807358 | reticular formation (if damaged) | coma | 63 | |
| 5844807359 | brainstem (if severed) | still move (without purpose) | 64 | |
| 5844807360 | thalamus | sensory switchboard (does not process smell) | 65 | |
| 5844807361 | hypothalamus | basic behaviors (hunger, thirst, sex, blood chemistry) | 66 | |
| 5844807362 | cerebellum | nonverbal memory, judge time, balance emotions, coordinate movements | 67 | |
| 5844807363 | cerebellum (if damaged) | difficulty walking and coordinating | 68 | |
| 5844807364 | amygdala | aggression, fear, and memory associated with these emotions | 69 | |
| 5844807365 | amygdala (if lesioned) | subject is mellow | 70 | |
| 5844807366 | amygdala (if stimulated) | aggressive | 71 | |
| 5844807367 | hippocampus | process new memory | 72 | |
| 5844807368 | cerebrum | two large hemispheres perceiving, thinking, and processing | 73 | |
| 5844807369 | cerebral cortex | only in higher life forms | 74 | |
| 5844807370 | association areas | integrate and interpret information | 75 | |
| 5844807371 | glial cells | provide nutrients to myelin sheath marks intelligence higher proportion of glial cells to neurons | 76 | |
| 5844807372 | frontal lobe | judgement, personality, processing (Phineas Gage accident) | 77 | |
| 5844807373 | parietal lobe | math and spatial reasoning | 78 | |
| 5844807374 | temporal lobe | audition and recognizing faces | 79 | |
| 5844807375 | occipital lobe | vision | 80 | |
| 5844807376 | corpus callosum | split in the brain to stop hyper-communication (eliminate epileptic seizures) | 81 | |
| 5844807377 | Wernicke's area | interprets auditory and hearing | 82 | |
| 5844807378 | Broca's area | speaking words | 83 | |
| 5844807379 | plasticity | ability to adapt if damaged | 84 | |
| 5844807380 | sensation | what our senses tell us | 85 | |
| 5844807381 | bottom-up processing | senses to brain | 86 | |
| 5844807382 | perception | what our brain tells us to do with that information | 87 | |
| 5844807383 | top-down processing | brain to senses | 88 | |
| 5844807384 | inattentional blindness | fail to "gorilla" because attention is elsewhere | 89 | |
| 5844807385 | cocktail party effect | even with tons of stimuli, we are able to pick out our name, etc. | 90 | |
| 5844807386 | change blindness | giving directions and person is changed and we don't notice | 91 | |
| 5844807387 | choice blindness | when defending the choice we make, we fail to notice choice was changed | 92 | |
| 5844807388 | absolute threshold | minimum stimulation needed in order to notice 50% of the time | 93 | |
| 5844807389 | signal detection theory | we notice what is more important to us (rather hear a baby crying) | 94 | |
| 5844807390 | JND (just noticeable difference) | (Weber's law) difference between different stimuli noticed in proportion | 95 | |
| 5844807391 | sensory adaptation | tired of noticing (Brain says, "Been there, done that. Next?" | 96 | |
| 5844807392 | rods | night time | 97 | |
| 5844807393 | cones | color | 98 | |
| 5844807394 | parallel processing | notice color, form, depth, movement, etc. | 99 | |
| 5844807395 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | 3 corresponding color receptors (RGB) | 100 | |
| 5844807396 | Hering's opponent-process theory | after image in opposite colors (RG, YB, WB) | 101 | |
| 5844807397 | trichromatic + opponent-process | Young-Helmholtz -> color stimuli Hering -> en route to cortex | 102 | |
| 5844807398 | frequency we hear most | human voice | 103 | |
| 5844807399 | Helmoltz (hearing) | we hear different pitches in different places in basilar membrane (high pitches) | 104 | |
| 5844807400 | frequency theory | impulse frequency (low pitches) | 105 | |
| 5844807401 | Helmholtz + frequency theory | middle pitches | 106 | |
| 5844807402 | Skin feels what 4 things | warmth, cold, pressure, pain | 107 | |
| 5844807403 | gate-control theory | small fibers - pain large fibers - other senses | 108 | |
| 5844807405 | smell | close to memory section (not in thalamus) | 109 | |
| 5844807406 | grouping | Gestalt make sense of pieces create a whole | 110 | |
| 5844807407 | grouping groups | proximity similarity continuity connectedness closure | 111 | |
| 5844807408 | make assumptions of placement | higher - farther smaller - farther blocking - closer, in front | 112 | |
| 5844807409 | perception = | mood + motivation | 113 | |
| 5844807410 | consciousness | awareness of ourselves and the environment | 114 | |
| 5844807411 | circadian rhythm | daily biological clock and regular cycle (sleep and awake) | 115 | |
| 5844807412 | circadian rhythm pattern | - activated by light - light sensitive retinal proteins signal brains SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus) - pineal gland decreases melatonin | 116 | |
| 5844807413 | What messes with circadian rhythm? | artificial light | 117 | |
| 5844807414 | The whole sleep cycle lasts how long? | 90 minutes | 118 | |
| 5844807415 | sleep stages | relaxed stage (alpha waves) stage 1 (early sleep) (hallucinations) stage 2 (sleep spindles - bursts of activity) (sleep talk) stage 3 (transition phase) (delta waves) stage 4 (delta waves) (sleepwalk/talk + wet the bed) stage 5 (REM) (sensory-rich dreams) (paradoxical sleep) | 119 | |
| 5844807416 | purpose of sleep | 1. recuperation - repair neurons and allow unused neural connections to wither 2. making memories 3. body growth (children sleep more) | 120 | |
| 5844807417 | insomnia | can't sleep | 121 | |
| 5844807418 | narcolepsy | fall asleep anywhere at anytime | 122 | |
| 5844807419 | sleep apnea | stop breathing in sleep | 123 | |
| 5844807420 | night terrors | prevalent in children | 124 | |
| 5844807421 | sleepwalking/sleeptalking | hereditary - prevalent in children | 125 | |
| 5844807422 | dreaming (3) | 1. vivid bizarre intense sensory experiences 2. carry fear/survival issues - vestiges of ancestors' survival ideas 2. replay previous day's experiences/worries | 126 | |
| 5844807423 | purpose of dreaming (5 THEORIES) | 1. physiological function - develop/preserve neural pathways 2. Freud's wish-fulfillment (manifest/latent content) 3. activation synthesis - make sense of stimulation originating in brain 4. information processing 5. cognitive development - reflective of intelligence | 127 | |
| 5844807424 | 1. Can hypnosis bring you back in time? 2. Can hypnosis make you do things you wouldn't normally do? 3. Can it alleviate pain? 4. What state are you in during hypnosis? 5. Who is more susceptible? | 1. cannot take you back in time 2. cannot make you do things you won't do 3. can alleviate pain 4. fully conscious ((IMAGINATIVE PEOPLE MORE SUSCEPTIBLE)) | 128 | |
| 5844807425 | depressants | slows neural pathways | 129 | |
| 5844807426 | alcohol | ((depressant)) disrupts memory formation (REM) lowers inhibition expectancy effect | 130 | |
| 5844807427 | barbituates (tranquilizers) | ((depressant)) reduce anxiety | 131 | |
| 5844807428 | opiates | ((depressant)) pleasure reduce anxiety/pain | 132 | |
| 5844807429 | stimulants | hypes neural processing | 133 | |
| 5844807430 | methamphetamine | ((stimulant)) heightens energy euphoria affects dopamine | 134 | |
| 5844807431 | caffeine | ((stimulant)) | 135 | |
| 5844807432 | nicotine | ((stimulant)) CNS releases neurotransmitters calm anxiety reduce pain affects (nor)epinephrine and dopamine | 136 | |
| 5844807433 | cocaine | ((stimulant)) euphoria affects dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine | 137 | |
| 5844807434 | hallucinogen | excites neural activity | 138 | |
| 5844807435 | ecstasy | ((hallucinogen)) reuptake is blocked affects dopamine and serotonin | 139 | |
| 5844807436 | LSD | ((hallucinogen)) affects sensory/emotional "trip" (+/-) affects serotonin | 140 | |
| 5844807437 | marijuana | ((hallucinogen)) amplify sensory experience disrupts memory formation | 141 | |
| 5844807441 | famous operant psychologist | Skinner | 142 | |
| 5844807451 | Skinner's experiment | operant chamber / Skinner box (lead to shaping) | 143 | |
| 5844807455 | fixed ratio | happens a certain number of times (Starbucks punch card) | 144 | |
| 5844807456 | variable ratio | happens an unpredictable number of times (winning the lottery) | 145 | |
| 5844807458 | fixed interval | happens at a certain time (mailman comes to the house at 10:00 AM) | 146 | |
| 5844807459 | variable interval | happens at any time (receive texts from friends) | 147 | |
| 5844807468 | mirror neurons | "feel" what is observed happens in higher order animals | 148 | |
| 5844807470 | observational learning | biological behaviors work best | 149 | |
| 5844807471 | habituation | get used to it -> stop reacting | 150 | |
| 5844807472 | examples for observational learning | lectures and reading | 151 | |
| 5844807473 | serotonin involved with memory | speeds the connection between neurons | 152 | |
| 5844807475 | CREB | protein that can switch genes on/off with memory and connection of memories | 153 | |
| 5844807478 | flashbulb memory | type of memory remembered because it was an important/quick moment | 154 | |
| 5844807479 | amygdala (memory) | boosts activity of proteins in memory-forming areas to fight/flight | 155 | |
| 5844807480 | cerebellum (memory) | forms and stores implicit memories ((classical conditioning)) | 156 | |
| 5844807481 | hippocampus (memory) | active during sleep (forming memories) ((information "moves" after 48 hours)) | 157 | |
| 5844807509 | source amnesia | what is the truth? (is it a dream, story, memory, etc.?) | 158 | |
| 5844807510 | priming | association (setting you up) | 159 | |
| 5844807511 | context | environment helps with memory | 160 | |
| 5844807516 | proactive interference | old information interferes with the new | 161 | |
| 5844807517 | retroactive interference | new information interferes with the old | 162 | |
| 5844807518 | children can't remember before age __ | 3 | 163 | |
| 5844807523 | mental set | what has worked in the past | 164 | |
| 5844807528 | phonemes | smallest sound unit | 165 | |
| 5844898146 | Accommodate | oblige or help someone; adjust or bring into harmony; adapt; make enough space for; ADJ. accommodative; CF. accomodating: helpful and obliging | 166 | |
| 5844898147 | Adolescence | The transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence. | 167 | |
| 5844898148 | Alzheimer's Disease | an irreversible, progressive brain disorder, characterized by the deterioration of memory, language, and eventually, physical functioning | 168 | |
| 5844898149 | Asperger Syndrome | a childhood disorder at the high-functioning end of the autistic spectrum; characterized by impaired social interest and skills and restricted interests | 169 | |
| 5844898150 | Assimilate | absorb; take (food) into the body and digest it; understand (knowledge) completely and be able to use properly; cause to become homogeneous (the people of a country or race in the wasy of behaving or thinking) | 170 | |
| 5844898151 | Attachment | an emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on separation | 171 | |
| 5844898152 | Authoritarian Parents | parents who make arbitrary rules, expect unquestioned obedience from their children, punish misbehavior, and value obedience to authority | 172 | |
| 5844898153 | Authoritative Parents | parents who set high but realistic and reasonable standards, enforce limits, and encourage open communication and independence | 173 | |
| 5844898154 | Autism | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind | 174 | |
| 5844898155 | Basic Trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers | 175 | |
| 5844898156 | Brain Development in Infants | Brain development unfolds through maturation—a biologically programmed growth process. In humans, at birth, the brain is immature, but as the child matures, neural networks grow increasingly more complex. As they do, the infant's capabilities surge... | 176 | |
| 5844898157 | Characteristics of Emerging Adults | 1. identity exploration 2. a stage of instability 3. self focused 4. feelings of transition 5. stage of possibilities | 177 | |
| 5844898162 | Cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 178 | |
| 5844898163 | Concrete Operational Stage | Piagets Theory- the stage of cognitive development during which children gain mental opperations to think logically | 179 | |
| 5844898164 | Conception | union of an ovum and sperm, resulting in the beginning of a pregnancy | 180 | |
| 5844898165 | Conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects | 181 | |
| 5844898166 | Continuity and Stages | Is development a gradual, continuous process like riding an escalator, or does it proceed through a sequence of separate stages, like climbing rungs on a ladder | 182 | |
| 5844898167 | Critical Period | an optimal period shortly after birth when an organism's exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development | 183 | |
| 5844898168 | Cross Sectional Studies | a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another | 184 | |
| 5844898169 | Crystalized Intelligence | type of intelligence which includes accumulated knowledge and verbal skills, that INCREASES WITH AGE | 185 | |
| 5844898170 | Dementia | a slowly progressive decline in mental abilities, including memory, thinking, and judgment, that is often accompanied by personality changes | 186 | |
| 5844898171 | Deprived Attachment | no attachment, kids are withdrawn, frightened, unable to develop speech (usually abusive parents) | 187 | |
| 5844898173 | Developmental Psychologists | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span | 188 | |
| 5844898174 | Egocentric | The thinking in the preoperational stage of cognitive development where children believe everyone sees the world fro the same perspective as he or she does. | 189 | |
| 5844898175 | Embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month | 190 | |
| 5844898176 | Erik Erikson | neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?" | 191 | |
| 5844898177 | Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | a medical condition in which body deformation or facial development or mental ability of a fetus is impaired because the mother drank alcohol while pregnant | 192 | |
| 5844898178 | Fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth | 193 | |
| 5844898179 | Fluid Intellegence | our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood | 194 | |
| 5844898180 | Formal Operational in Adolecence | The brain is not fully developed thus cannot make just actions without knowing about consequences | 195 | |
| 5844898181 | Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts | 196 | |
| 5844898182 | Habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. As infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner | 197 | |
| 5844898183 | Harry Harlow's Monkey Experiment | the monkeys could chose between 2 artificial mothers: one was foam covered in terry cloth, the other was a hard metal cage but it held a bottle attached for feeding. The monkey would only leave the terrycloth mother when they got too hungry, and quickly returned to that mother. | 198 | |
| 5844898184 | Identity and Adolescence | Ones sense of self, according to Erikson an adolescents task is to solidify a sense of self by testing adn integrating various roles | 199 | |
| 5844898185 | Imprinting | the process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life | 200 | |
| 5844898186 | Insecure Attachment | A pattern of attachment in which an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregiver's presence, departure, or return | 201 | |
| 5844898187 | Jean Piaget | Four stage theory of cognitive development: 1. sensorimotor, 2. preoperational, 3. concrete operational, and 4. formal operational. He said that the two basic processes work in tandem to achieve cognitive growth-assimilation and accomodation | 202 | |
| 5844898188 | Lawrence Kohlberg | moral development; presented boys moral dilemmas and studied their responses and reasoning processes in making moral decisions. Most famous moral dilemma is "Heinz" who has an ill wife and cannot afford the medication. Should he steal the medication and why? | 203 | |
| 5844898189 | Longitudinal Study | research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period | 204 | |
| 5844898190 | Maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience | 205 | |
| 5844898198 | Menarche | the first occurrence of menstruation in a woman | 206 | |
| 5844898199 | Menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines | 207 | |
| 5844898200 | Motor Development in Infants | Motor Development milestones are the same throughout the world but babies reach them at differnt ages. | 208 | |
| 5844898201 | Object Perminance | The Piagetian term for one of an infant's most important accomplishments: understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directly be seen, heard or touched | 209 | |
| 5844898202 | Permissive parents | Parenting style consisting of very few rules and allowing children to make most decisions and control their own behavior. | 210 | |
| 5844898203 | Postconventional Morality | third level of kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the person's behavior is governed by moral principles that have been decided on by the individual and that may be in disagreement with accepted social norms | 211 | |
| 5844898204 | Preconventional Morality | first level of Kohlberg's stages of moral development in which the child's behavior is governed by the consequences of the behavior | 212 | |
| 5844898205 | Primary Sex Characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible | 213 | |
| 5844898206 | Prospective Memory | remembering to do things in the future | 214 | |
| 5844898207 | Puberty | period when secondary sex characteristics develop and the ability to reproduce sexually begins | 215 | |
| 5844898208 | Rooting Reflex | reflex consisting of head-turning and sucking movements elicited in a normal infant by gently stroking the side of the mouth of cheek | 216 | |
| 5844898209 | Schemas | conceptual frameworks a person uses to make sense of the world | 217 | |
| 5844898210 | Secure Attachment | Infants use the mother as a home base from which to explore when all is well, but seek physical comfort and consolation from her if frightened or threatened | 218 | |
| 5844898211 | Secondary Sex Characteristics | nonreproductive sexual characteristics, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair | 219 | |
| 5844898212 | Self Concept | the mental picture people have of themselves; their opinion about themselves | 220 | |
| 5844898213 | Sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities | 221 | |
| 5844898214 | Social Clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement | 222 | |
| 5844898215 | Stranger Anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age | 223 | |
| 5844898216 | Stablility and Change | A child needs an enviroment that is stable and will adapt to change | 224 | |
| 5844898217 | Teratogens | agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm | 225 | |
| 5844898218 | Theory of Mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict | 226 | |
| 5844898219 | Zygotes | the fertilized egg-> enters a 2 week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo | 227 |
