8.1 How do psychologists define motivation, and what are the key elements of the early instinct and drive-reduction approaches to motivation?
8.2 What are the characteristics of the three types of needs?
8.3 What are the key elements of the arousal and incentive approaches to motivation?
8.4 How do Maslow's humanistic approach and self-determination theory explain motivation?
8.5 What happens in the body to cause hunger, and how do social factors influence a person's experience of hunger?
8.6 What are some problems in eating behavior, and how are they affected by biology and culture?
8.7 What are the three elements of emotion?
8.8 How do the James-Lange and Cannon-Bard theories of emotion differ?
8.9 What are the key elements in cognitive arousal theory, the facial feedback hypothesis, and the cognitive-meditational theory of emotion?
8.10 What is the positive psychological movement?
Terms : Hide Images
| 444018441 | motivation | the process by which activities are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met a need or desire that energizes and directs a behavior | 0 | |
| 338696328 | extrinsic motivation | type of motivation in which a person performs an action because it leads to an outcome that is separate from or external to the person the aspiration to complete a goal because of outside rewards such as reconition, money, and praise | 1 | |
| 18572414 | intrinsic motivation | type of motvation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner the desire to engage in an activity or perform a task because the activity or task is pleasurable, without any desire for external benefits that may come from the activity or task | 2 | |
| 95134529 | instincts | the biologically determined and innate patterns of behavior that exist in both people and animals a behavior tht is genetically programmed into an entire species | 3 | |
| 777172699 | instinct approach | approach to motivation that assumes people are governed by instincts similar to those of animals One of the first theories used to explain motivation; did not explain why humans have instincts, but encouraged psychologists to recognize factors in human motivation | 4 | |
| 427983120 | need | a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism tension created in a living being that is the result of deprivation of something essential for survival, general welfare or personal commitment | 5 | |
| 751891147 | drive | a psychological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension an aroused state of psychological tension that typically arises from a need | 6 | |
| 100871220 | drive-reduction theory | approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal | 7 | |
| 434199966 | primary drives | those drives that involve the needs of the body such as hunger and thirst drives the body requires toe sruvive and thrive such as food and water | 8 | |
| 75507701 | aqcuired (secondary) drives | those drives that are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval learned drives that have power throught he organism's expereinces such as a paycheck or approval from others | 9 | |
| 707571350 | homeostasis | the tendency of the body to maintain a steady state tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state that is optimal for functioning | 10 | |
| 516983016 | need for achievement (nAch) | a need that involves a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones reaching goals, challenging oneself to win awards, and to be at the "top" | 11 | |
| 635922996 | need for affiliation (nAff) | the need for friendly social interactions and relationships with others desire to be liked by others, to be admired, and to have social interactions | 12 | |
| 994976662 | need for power (nPow) | the need to have control or influence over others influencing others, controlling people and situations | 13 | |
| 103490333 | stimulus motive | a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity factors in the environment that provoke behaviors by increasing stimulation within a person | 14 | |
| 492839783 | arousal theory | theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optimal (best or ideal) level of tensions that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation the belief that there is an idyllic level of tension a person desires in order to be optimally motivated | 15 | |
| 1017628290 | Yerkes-Dodson Law | law stating performance is related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal lead to better performance than do levels of arousal are too low or too high. This effect varies with the difficulty of the task: easy tasks require a high-moderate level whereas more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level a law stating that individuals require a moderate level of arousal in order to perform tasks | 16 | |
| 739688354 | sensation seeker | someone who needs more arousal than the average person individuals requiring higher levels of stimulation that others | 17 | |
| 971162868 | incentives | things that attract or lure people into action something that motivates | 18 | |
| 17067112 | incentive approaches | theories of motvation in which behavior is explained as a response to the external stimulus and its rewarding properties | 19 | |
| 705227775 | expectancy-value theories | incentive theories that assume the actions of humans cannot be predicted or fully understood without understanding the beliefs, values, and the importance that a person attaches to those beliefs and values at any given moment in time the theory that an individual's motivation is measured by how much they value the goal and whether they expect to be successful | 20 | |
| 474155584 | self-actualization | according to Maslow, the point that is seldom reached at which people have sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential the second highest level on Abraham Maslow's heirarchy of needs. This point is seldom reached by individuals. At this level a person has sufficiently satisfied the lower needs and achieved their full human potential | 21 | |
| 1029668970 | peak experiences | according to Maslow, times in a person's life during which self-actualization is temporarily achieved sudden feelings of intense happiness, wonder, and unity | 22 | |
| 577290832 | self-determination theory (SDT) | theory of human motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motvation existing for the action a theory of motvation that emphasizes three innate human needs: autonomy, competence and relatedness; in the context of supportive, social relationships, individuals are able to grow psychologically and increase their sense of intrinsic motivation, no longer relying on extrinsic motivation | 23 | |
| 38327698 | insulin | a hormone secreted by the pancreas to contorl the levels of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by reducing the level of glucose in the bloodstream a hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; helps to control the level of glucose in the blood and allows cells to use glucose for energy | 24 | |
| 876309938 | glucagons | hormones that are secreted by the pancreas to contorl the level of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates in the body by increasing the level of glucose in the bllodstream a hormone secreted by the pancreas that stimulates an increase in glucose in the blood | 25 | |
| 847446554 | psychological needs | food, water, shelter, warmth | 26 | |
| 831409958 | safety needs | security and safety and freedom from fear | 27 | |
| 52062347 | belonging needs | sense of belonging and love from family, friends, and significant others | 28 | |
| 395592827 | esteem needs | feeling important, useful, and loving yourself | 29 | |
| 20183433 | cognitive needs | desire to understand the world and gain new knowledge and experiences, longing to satisfy natural curiosity | 30 | |
| 421255938 | aesthetic needs | need to express your identity as a person artistically | 31 | |
| 649255936 | weight set point | the particular level of weight that the body tries to maintain optimal weight for a person | 32 | |
| 545891798 | basal metabolic rate (BMR) | the rate at which the body burns energy when the organism is resting | 33 | |
| 871615428 | leptin | a hormone that, when realeased into the bloodstream, signals the hypothalamus that the body had had enough food and reduces the appetite while increasing the feeling of being full hormone that controls and manipulates appetite | 34 | |
| 27240296 | anorexia nervosa | a condition in which a person reduces eating to the point that a weight loss of 15 percent below the ideal body weight or more occurs eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets to become 15 percent or more underweight, yet this person still feels fat and is preoccupied with losing more weight | 35 | |
| 768640316 | bulimia nervosa | a condition in which a person develops a cycle of "binging," or overeating enormous amounts of fod at one sitting, and then using unhealthy methods to avoid weight gain disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, using laxatives, fasting, or excessive exercise | 36 | |
| 416333307 | obesity | disorder characterized by being excessively overweight; 20 to 30 percent over optimal body weight | 37 | |
| 39935781 | emotion | the "feeling" espect of consciousness, characterized by a certain physical arousal, a certain behavior that reveals the emotion to the outside world, and an inner awareness of feelings reponse by a whole organism, involving (1) physical arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience | 38 | |
| 201232689 | display rules | learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings | 39 | |
| 774910243 | Cannon-Bard theory of emotion | theory in which the physioligcal reaction and the meotion are assumed to occur at the same time | 40 | |
| 342370161 | cognitive arousal theory | theory of emotion in which both the physical arousal and the labeling of that arousal based on cues from the environment must occur before the emotion is experienced | 41 | |
| 290779935 | facial feedback hypothesis | theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to teh brain concerning the motion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion one's facial expression has an effect on emotions you experience | 42 | |
| 72672778 | cognitive-mediational theory | theory of emotion in which a stimulus must be interpreted (appraised) by aperson in order to result in a physical response and an emotional reaction a stimulus must be interpreted by an individual in order to produce a physiological reactions and an emotion | 43 | |
| 91700570 | positive psychology movement | a viewpoint that recommends shifting the focus of psychology away from the negative aspects to a more positive focus on strengths, well-being, and the pursuit of happiness | 44 | |
| 275427189 | James-Lange theory | the theory of emotion in which the body's phsyiological reaction leads to the experiencing of an emotiong | 45 | |
| 1016627403 | Canon-Bard theory | you experience both the arousal and the emotion simultaneously; one does not cause the other | 46 | |
| 496219883 | Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory | a theory of emotion that states that arousal must be felt and the source of arousal must be cognitively labeled, after which the individual will feel the emotion | 47 | |
| 19314646 | Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) | premier professional organization for individuals practicing or teaching Industrial and Organizational psychology | 48 | |
| 604570448 | Industrial-organizational (I/O) psychology | applies psychological principles and research methods in the ordinary workplace | 49 |
