AP Psychology terminology for personality
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| 6527590 | Personality | individual's unique patterns of thought, feelings, and behavior that persist over time; unique, stable, enduring | |
| 6527591 | psychodynamic theories | theories that behavior results from the psychological forces that interact within the individual, often outside conscious awareness; linked by Freud | |
| 6527592 | unconscious | prominent in Freudian theory; ideas, thoughts, feelings of which we are not aware normally; basis of psychoanalysis | |
| 6527593 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality and form of therapy; based on bringing the conscious unconscious; uses techniques such as free association, dream interpretation, and transference | |
| 6527594 | id | Freudian; unconscious urges and desires; selfish needs; operates on pleasure principle-any means to satisfy need; which fulfillment-mental object/situation to relieve the feeling | |
| 6527595 | libido | Freudian idea that energy is from sexual instinct; Jungian idea that energy is everything | |
| 6527596 | fixation | Freudian; partial or complete halt at one of the psychosexual stages of development; when individual fails to complete the psychosexual task successfully; can be expressed as personality traits | |
| 6527597 | oral stage | Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 0-18 months; focus: oral cavity; task: transition from bottle/breast to solid food; conflict: id derives pleasure from sucking/excepting into mouth; if child fails to complete tasks, (s)he becomes fixated; fixations-underindulged oral-suspicious, sarcastic, pessimistic, trust issues; overindulged oral-clingy, optimistic, gullible, needy | |
| 6527598 | anal stage | Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 18 months-3 years; focus: anus-retention/expulsion of species; task: to successfully learned toilet training; conflict: id derives pleasure from retention/expulsion, whereas ego and superego represents society the practical/societal pressures to control bodily functions; if child fails to complete the task,(s)he becomes fixated; fixations-anal expulsion-messy, disorganized, reckless, careless, defiant; anal-retentive-neat, precise, orderly, stingy, obstinate, meticulous, passive-aggressive | |
| 6527599 | phallic stage | Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 3-6 years; focus: genitals; task: Explorer genital region, develop a relationship with parents, especially same gender parent; conflict: Oedipus/Electra complex-child competes with same-sex parents were opposite sex parent's attention; fixations-male-Castration Anxiety-because father possesses mother and therefore has power, dad "castrates" sign (removes power), must prove self, dominant, marries mother figure; female-penis envy-according to Freud penis equals power, submissive, dates older men | |
| 6527600 | archetypes | Jung; thought forms or collective memories passed down from generation to generation and stored in the collective unconscious; ancient/archaic images derived from the collective unconscious; examples-mother Earth, father Time, hero, wise old man, trickster, the Joker | |
| 6527601 | persona | Jung; our public self; the mask we wear to project that part of our personality outward towards others | |
| 6527602 | Anima | Jung; female archetype as expressed in a man; masculine side of a woman; originates in the collective unconscious; comes from women's experiences with men which create the concept of men, appears in dreams, visions, fantasies | |
| 6527603 | Animus | Jung; male archetype as expressed in a woman; feminine side of man; originates in the collective unconscious; comes from men's experiences with women which combine into the concept of women; shows as an image of feelings/mood | |
| 6527604 | Extrovert | aspect used in MBTI; Jung; one of two general attitude types; taken at the interest in the world and events around them, turn attention toward external world; energy is gained from outside or external sources; everyone contains both, one is dominant (extro-, introvert) | |
| 6527605 | Anxiety | powerful motivating force; individuals reaction to real/imagine dangers; Freud says anxiety emerges from sexual conflicts; Horney says that comes because children depend on adults for survival, one defenses are threatened anxiety occurs | |
| 6527606 | humanistic personality theory | normally associated with Maslow and Rogers; any personality theory that emphasizes that people are positively motivated and progress towards higher levels of functioning (more to human existence than dealing with hidden conflicts); stresses people to potential for growth and change as people experience life | |
| 6527607 | personality traits | dimensions or characteristics that account for personality differences; examples-dependency, anxiety, sociability; Allport created a list of thousands | |
| 6527608 | factor analysis | Cattell (1965); statistical technique; find that 200 traits tend to cluster in groups (traits are from Allport's/Odbert's lists) | |
| 6527609 | cognitive-social learning theory | behavior is a product of the interaction of cognitive (thinking), learning, and past experiences; unique to each person | |
| 6527610 | 16 personality factor questionnaire | Cattell; personality boils down to 16 basic dimensions of personality; questionnaire used in universities and businesses for personnel selection and research | |
| 6527611 | locus of control | Rotter; cognitive strategies; used to evaluate situations, reinforcement comes in two ways: internal-you control your fate, external-chance & fate, behavior of others determine destiny | |
| 6527612 | self-efficacy | Bandura; cognitive social learning theory; expectancy that one's efforts will be successful | |
| 6527613 | objective tests | personality test that is administered and scored in a standard way; personality inventory; yes/no are typical answers; most widely used; drawbacks-self-report, familiarity with other tests may affect individuals answers; examples-16 PF, and MBTI, MMPI(2), and NEO-PI-r | |
| 6527614 | neurotic trends | Horney; neuroses = anxiety; 3 strategies for coping with neuroses created by unmet needs: a) moving towards people-submission-given in, having a dominant partner; be) moving against people-aggression-anger, violence, altercation; see) moving away from people-detachment-withdrawal, isolation | |
| 6527615 | pleasure principle | Freud; id process by which the id seeks immediate gratification by any means necessary to receive pleasure and avoid pain; done in two ways-which fulfillment (day dream/dreams), ego processes | |
| 6527616 | ego | Freud; part of the personality that mediates between the selfishness of the id and the conscientiousness of the superego; uses the reality principle to satisfy id without harming superego's ideals; "self" | |
| 6527617 | reality principle | Freud; ego process; means by which the ego satisfies the id without compromising the value/morals are the superego | |
| 6527618 | super ego | Freud; "moral watchdog"; governs behavior by reality and morality, often taught by parents, church and/or community; standards develop through interaction; conscience; ego ideal | |
| 6527619 | ego ideal | Freud; ideal of perfection; part of the superego that consists of the standards of what you would like to be | |
| 6527620 | Oedipus/Electra complex | Freud, conflict of psychosexual stages; phallic stage, ages 3-6; consists of a transition in the phallic stage; child competes the same-sex parent were opposite gender parent's attention; can manifest in later personality-male: castration anxiety, dominant, tries to prove self, marries "mom"; female: penis envy, submissive, dates older men (like dad) | |
| 6527621 | Latency period | Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 6-12; sexual drive lies dormant, focuses on social nature and development of friendships, seen as period of repression (as sexual drives), all libido energy is poured into school and sports | |
| 6527622 | genital stage | Freud, psychosexual stage of development; age: 12+; focus: genitals; task: intimate and sexual relationships; conflict: if fixated in previous stages, it may reappear | |
| 6527623 | personal unconscious | Jung; one of two levels; contains individuals repressed thoughts, forgotten experiences, and undeveloped ideas; can be triggered; similar to Freud's unconscious and preconscious | |
| 6527624 | collective unconscious | Jung; memories/behavior patterns inherited from past generations; shared by all humans; deep roots in the ancestral past an entire species; manifest as archetypes, myths, and legends | |
| 6527625 | introvert | aspect used in MBTI; Jung; one of two general attitude types; caught up in personal world, unsociable, lack confidence in dealing with people; energy is gained from within self, long exposure to people is draining; one is dominant (extro-, introvert) | |
| 6527626 | rational individuals | Jung; further division of people who regulate actions by thinking and feeling; aspect used in MBTI | |
| 6527627 | irrational individuals | Jung; further division of people who base actions on perceptions, includes senses/sensation or unconscious/intuition; aspect used in MBTI | |
| 6527628 | compensation | Adler; a person's effort to overcome imagined or real personal weakness: inferiority complex or superiority complex | |
| 6527629 | inferiority complex | Adler; fixation on feelings of personal inferiority that result in emotional and social paralysis | |
| 6527630 | conditional positive regard | Rogers; experience that love, acceptance, respect, and warmth, with the condition (or price tag); example: mommy doesn't love girls who do..., if you love me then..., that's nice but wouldn't you rather... | |
| 6527631 | big five | type of trait theory; five basic traits: extroversion (where you draw energy from), conscientiousness (dependability), agree ability (how you get along with others), emotional stability (self-explanatory), openness (culture, new experiences) | |
| 6527632 | actualizing tendency | Rogers; drive of individual to reach the biological potential or blueprint; capability of what someone can the calm | |
| 6527633 | self-actualizing tendency | Rogers; drive of an individual to achieve his/her self-concept or self image; living up to the image of yourself that you create | |
| 6527634 | MMPI | Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (2), revised in 1980s; objective tests; most widely used object of personality test; originally developed as an aid in diagnosing psychiatric disorders; two versions-adult and adolescent | |
| 6527635 | expectancies | Bandura; personal references; how people write their behavior in a variety of situations to help guide behavior in the future | |
| 6527636 | projective tests | personality tests that consists of a simple ambiguous stimuli to elicit a number of responses; advantages-flexible, can take in a relaxed atmosphere, but this event may not know the purpose of the test (less likely to be of eight); examples-Rorschach, Rotter sentence completion test, TAT | |
| 6527637 | Rorschach test | projective personality test; Hermann Rorschach, Swiss psychiatrist; inkblot test; person specifies what they see in each blot; and MMPI 2 is more valid | |
| 6527638 | Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | projective personality test; developed at Harvard by Murray and Associates; 20 cards with figures in ambiguous situations; person is asked to interpret the card (tell what is happening, leading up to and following the image); examined for content, language, consistency, organization, and originality | |
| 6527639 | unconditional positive regard | Rogers; experience of being treated with warmth, respect, acceptance, and mob regardless of their feelings, attitudes and behaviors; example: I may not agree with what you do, but I love you can matter what |
