Important terms & people in the AP Psychology Personality Theories unit.
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| 9132357796 | Archetypes | According to Carl Jung, emotionally charged images and thought forms that have universal meaning. | 0 | |
| 9132357797 | Behaviorism | A theoretical orientation based on the premise that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior. | 1 | |
| 9132357798 | Carl Jung | 1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people have conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation | 2 | |
| 9132357799 | Collective Unconscious | According to Carl Jung, a storehouse of latent memory traces inherited from people's ancestral past. | 3 | |
| 9132357800 | Conscious | Whatever one is aware of at a particular point in time. | 4 | |
| 9132357801 | Defense Mechanisms | Largely unconscious reactions that protect a person from unpleasant emotions such as anxiety and guilt. | 5 | |
| 9132357802 | Denial | Defense Mechanism: unconscious refusal to accept reality. | 6 | |
| 9132357803 | Displacement | Defense Mechanism: shifts unacceptable feelings/impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object/person; redirecting anger toward a safer outlet | 7 | |
| 9132357804 | Ego | According to Sigmund Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. | 8 | |
| 9132357805 | Extroversion | People with this trait tend to be interested in the external world of people and things; social butterflies | 9 | |
| 9132357806 | Factor Analysis | Statistical analysis of correlations among many variables to identify closely related clusters of variables. | 10 | |
| 9132357807 | Id | According to Sigmund Freud, the primitive, instinctive component of personality that operates according to the pleasure principle. | 11 | |
| 9132357808 | Incongruence | The degree of disparity between one's self-concept and one's actual experience. | 12 | |
| 9132357809 | Inferiority Complex | An unrealistic feeling of general inadequacy caused by actual or supposed inferiority in one sphere, sometimes marked by aggressive behavior in compensation. | 13 | |
| 9132357810 | Intellectualization | Defense Mechanism: describing painful or emotional, personal events in academic or philosophical terms. | 14 | |
| 9132357811 | Introversion | People with this trait tend to be preoccupied with the internal world of their own thoughts, feelings, and experiences. | 15 | |
| 9132357812 | Karen Horney | 1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fear and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends | 16 | |
| 9132357813 | Model | A person whose behavior is observed by another. | 17 | |
| 9132357814 | Paul Costa & Robert McCrae | Created the "Five Factor Model" (big five) - simplest of all trait theories - 5 factors that encompass all others; Openness - open to fantasies, feelings, aesthetics, ideas, values; Conscientiousness - competent, prefers structure, dutiful, disciplined; Extroversion - assertive, warm, positive, active, seek excitement; Agreeableness - trusts others, honest, cooperative, sympathetic; Neuroticism - anxiety, depression, hostility, self-conscious, act impulsively, experience a sense of vulnerability | 18 | |
| 9132357815 | Personal Unconscious | According to Carl Jung, the level of awareness that houses material that is not within one's conscious awareness because it has been repressed or forgotten. | 19 | |
| 9132357816 | Personality | An individual's unique constellation of consistent behavioral traits. | 20 | |
| 9132357817 | Personality Trait | A type of quality or characteristic that shapes a person's unique character and identity. | 21 | |
| 9132357818 | Pleasure Principle | According to Sigmund Freud, the principle upon which the id operates, demanding immediate gratification of its urges. | 22 | |
| 9132357819 | Preconscious | According to Sigmund Freud, the level of awareness that contains material just beneath the surface of conscious awareness that can easily be retrieved. | 23 | |
| 9132357820 | Projection | Defense Mechanism: attributing one's own thoughts, feelings, or motives to another. | 24 | |
| 9132357821 | Projective Tests | Psychological tests that ask subjects to respond to vague, ambiguous stimuli in ways that may reveal the subject's needs, feelings, and personality traits. | 25 | |
| 9132357822 | Rationalization | Defense Mechanism: creating false but plausible excuses to justify unacceptable behavior. | 26 | |
| 9132357823 | Reaction Formation | Defense Mechanism: behaving in a way that's exactly the opposite of one's true feelings. | 27 | |
| 9132357824 | Reality Principle | According to Sigmund Freud, the principle on which the ego operates, which seeks to delay gratification of the id's urges until appropriate outlets and situations can be found. | 28 | |
| 9132357825 | Reciprocal Determinism | The assumption that internal mental events, external environmental events, and overt behavior all influence each other. | 29 | |
| 9132357826 | Regression | Defense Mechanism: a reversion to immature patterns of behavior. | 30 | |
| 9132357827 | Repression | Defense Mechanism: keeping distressing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious. | 31 | |
| 9132357828 | Self-Actualization | The achievement of people with exceptionally healthy personalities, marked by continued personal growth; they have a grasp of the real world. | 32 | |
| 9132357829 | Self-Concept | A collection of beliefs about one's own nature, unique qualities, and typical behavior. | 33 | |
| 9132357830 | Self-Efficacy | One's belief about one's ability to perform behaviors that should lead to expected outcomes. | 34 | |
| 9132357831 | Self-Enhancement | Focusing on positive feedback from others, exaggerating one's strengths, and seeing oneself as above average. | 35 | |
| 9132357832 | Self-Monitoring | Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desire impression. | 36 | |
| 9132357833 | Sigmund Freud | 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms (expanded by Anna Freud), psychoanalysis, transference | 37 | |
| 9132357834 | Striving for Superiority | According to Alfred Adler, the universal drive to adapt, improve oneself, and master life's challenges. | 38 | |
| 9132357835 | Sublimation | Defense Mechanism: shifts impulses to a more socially acceptable substitute. | 39 | |
| 9132357836 | Superego | According to Sigmund Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. | 40 | |
| 9132357837 | Unconscious | According to Sigmund Freud, thoughts, memories, and desires that are well below the surface of conscious awareness, but that, nonetheless, exert great influence on behavior. | 41 |
