For Mrs. Glenn's class.
Terms : Hide Images
| 200313123 | Psychology | The scientific study of behavior and mental processes | |
| 200313124 | Tabula Rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank slate that is ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. | |
| 200313125 | Humors Theory | People have mental issues due to an imbalance of bodily fluids, therefore disorders are natural occurrences. | |
| 200313126 | Empiricism | knowledge through experiences | |
| 200313127 | Interactive Dualism | mind affects body; body affects mind | |
| 200313128 | Biological Approach | Studies how behavior is acquired or modified by enviromental causes | |
| 200313129 | Cognitive Approach | Focuses on the important role of mental processes in how people process and remember information, develop language, solve problems, and think | |
| 200313130 | Humanist Approach | a psychology perspective that adopts a holistic approach to human existence through investigations of meaning, values, freedom, tragedy, personal responsibility, human potential, spirituality, and self-actualization | |
| 200313131 | Evolutionary Perspective | perspective that focuses on the biological bases of universal mental characteristics that all humans share | |
| 200313132 | Phrenology | the idea that there exists a relationship between persons head shape and their mental capacities/deficiencies. this theory was widely used for both intelligence determination and personality assessment in the 1800's | |
| 200313133 | Moral Therapy | philosophy of treatment that emphasized treating mentally ill people with compassion and understanding, rather than shackling them in chains | |
| 200313134 | Structuralism | Early school psychology that emphasized studying the most basic components, or structures, of conscious experiences | |
| 200313135 | Introspection | a method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings | |
| 200313136 | Functionalism | a psychology based on the assumption that all mental process are useful to an organism in adapting to the environment | |
| 200313137 | Behaviorism | School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasizes the study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning | |
| 200313138 | Gestalt Theory | a theory based on the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its constituent elements | |
| 200313139 | Psychoanalytic Theory | Personality theory and form of psychotherapy that emphasizes the role of unconscious factors in personality and behavior | |
| 200313140 | Counseling Psychology | a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | |
| 200313141 | Clinical Psychology | a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | |
| 200313142 | Industrial(Organizational) Psychology | The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces | |
| 200313143 | Psychiatry | a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical (for example, drug) treatments as well as psychological therapy | |
| 200313144 | Socio-Cultural Psychology | the study of how situations and cultures affect our behavior and thinking; focuses on interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior. Typically looks at attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, conformity, attraction, aggression, intimacy, and group behavior. | |
| 200313145 | Human Factors Psychology | a branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use | |
| 200313146 | Basic Research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | |
| 200313147 | Applied Research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | |
| 200313148 | Theory | A tentative explanation that tries to integrate and account for the relationship of various findings and observations | |
| 200313149 | Hypothesis | A tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables | |
| 200313150 | Independent variable | The purposely manipulated factor thought to produce change in an experiment; also called the treatment of interest | |
| 200313151 | Dependent variable | The factor that is observed and measured for change in an experiment; thought to be influenced by the independent variable | |
| 200313152 | Control group | In an experiment, the group of participants who are exposed to all experiential conditions, except the independent variable or treatment of interest; the group against which changes in the experimental group are compared | |
| 200313153 | Experimental group | A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested. | |
| 200313154 | Placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent | |
| 200313155 | Single blind design | an experiment set up in such a way that subjects are kept uninformed of any details which might lead to bias | |
| 200313156 | Double blind design | Experimental technique in which neither the participants nor the researcher interacting with the participants is aware of the group or condition to which the participants have been assigned | |
| 200313157 | Operational definitions | A precise description of how the variables in a study will be manipulated or measured | |
| 200313158 | Validity | ability of a test to measure what it was designed to measure | |
| 200313159 | Reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting | |
| 200313160 | Counterbalancing | Alternating the order in which participants perform in different conditions of an experiment. For example, group 1 does 'A' then 'B', group 2 does 'B' then 'A' this is to eliminate order effects. | |
| 200313161 | Confounding variables | factors that cause differences between the experimental group and the control group other than the independent variable | |
| 200313162 | Sample | A selected segment of the population used to represent the group that is being studied | |
| 200313163 | Representative(Stratified) sample | sample carefully chosen so that the characteristics of the participants correspond closely to the characteristics of the larger population | |
| 200313164 | Random sample | a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | |
| 200313165 | Random assignment | Where all participants in the study have an equal chance of being assigned to any of the groups in the experiment | |
| 200313166 | Experimenter bias | bias introduced by an experimenter whose expectations about the outcome of the experiment can be subtly communicated to the participants in the experiment | |
| 200313167 | Hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it. (Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon) | |
| 200313168 | Ex post facto method | an experiment where the researcher examines the effect of a naturally occurring treatment after it has occurred | |
| 200313169 | Naturalistic observation | The systematic observation and recording of behaviors as they occur in their natural setting | |
| 200313170 | Hawthorne effect | phenomenon in which participants' knowledge that they're being studied can affect their behavior | |
| 200313171 | Survey method | A questionnaire or interview designed to investigate the opinions, behaviors, or characteristics of a particular group | |
| 200313172 | Correlation | a statistical relation between two or more variables such that systematic changes in the value of one variable are accompanied by systematic changes in the other | |
| 200313173 | Causation | A cause and effect relationship in which one variable controls the changes in another variable. | |
| 200313174 | Illusory correlation | The mistaken belief that two factors or events are related when they are not | |
| 200313175 | Replication | To repeat or duplicate a scientific study in order to increase confidence in the validity of the original findings | |
| 200313176 | Scatterplot | a graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). (Also called a scattergram or scatter diagram.) | |
| 200313177 | Statistical significance | a statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | |
| 200313178 | Measures of central tendency | numbers that are used to describe the center of a set of data. These measures include the mean median and mode | |
| 200313179 | Mean | an average of n numbers computed by adding some function of the numbers and dividing by some function of n | |
| 200313180 | Mode | the most frequent value of a random variable | |
| 200313181 | Median | The middle number in a set of numbers that are listed in order | |
| 200313182 | Descriptive statistics | statistical procedures used to describe characteristics and responses of groups of subjects | |
| 200313183 | Inferential statistics | numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance | |
| 200313184 | Normal distribution | bell-shaped curve that results when the values of a trait in a population are plotted against their frequency | |
| 200313185 | Standard deviance (variance) | Square root of average squared distance from the mean | |
| 200313186 | Positive correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically in the same direction, increasing or decreasing together | |
| 200313187 | Negative correlation | A finding that two factors vary systematically inopposite directions, one increasing as the other decreases | |
| 200313188 | Correlation coefficient | describes the direction and strength of the relationship between two sets of variables | |
| 200313189 | Hippocrates | Created Humors Theory, Nature | |
| 200313190 | Socrates | Nature - ideas are innate and predetermined, believed mind and body were separate | |
| 200313191 | Plato | Student of Socrates, Nature - ideas are innate and predetermined, believed mind and body were separate | |
| 200313192 | Aristotle | Founder of empiricism, nurture, soul and body are interconnected | |
| 200313193 | Descartes | Founded interactive dualism, nature | |
| 200313194 | Locke | Founded Tabula Rasa, Nurture | |
| 200313196 | Gall | Founded phrenology (Divided the brain in sections) | |
| 200313197 | Pinel/Dix/Rush | Founded Moral Therapy/Brought it to America/Fought for legislation | |
| 200313198 | Wundt | Established first Psychology lab in 1879, Wrote Principles of Physiological Psychology in 1874 | |
| 200313199 | Titchener | Student of Wudnt, developed structuralism | |
| 200313200 | James | Established early study of Functionalism | |
| 200313201 | G. Stanley Hall | First psych PhD in U.S.; founded American psychological association (APA) | |
| 200313202 | Calkins | 1st female psychologist, though Washburn was the first to receive a Ph.D. | |
| 200313203 | Washburn | 1st woman to earn PhD in Psychology 2nd female president of APA | |
| 200313204 | Wertheimer | Started Gestalt. Studied sensation and perception | |
| 200313205 | Freud | Austrian physician who approached psychology while trying to treat mental disorders--focused on the unconscious | |
| 200313206 | Watson | United States psychologist considered the founder of behavioristic psychology (1878-1958) | |
| 200313207 | Skinner | United States psychologist and a leading proponent of behaviorism (1904-1990) | |
| 200313208 | Rogers | Humanist psychologist who developed client-centered therapy and coined the term "unconditional positive regard." | |
| 200313209 | Maslow | Humanistic Theorist most famous for the development of the Hierarchy of Needs. |
