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| 1642459205 | structuralism | an early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind | 0 | |
| 1642459206 | functionalism | an early school of psychology that focused in the adaptive value of thoughts and behaviors | 1 | |
| 1642459207 | behaviorism | belief that science is rooted in observation, and that you can observe and record people's behaviors as they respond to different situations, but you can not observe or record sensations or feelings | 2 | |
| 1642459208 | psychoanalytic perspective | focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts; caused by unfulfilled wishes and childhood trauma | 3 | |
| 1642459209 | humanistic perspective | focuses on reaching one's full potential by meeting a hierarchy of needs; caused by ability or inability to realize full potential | 4 | |
| 1642459210 | evolutionary perspective | focuses on how the natural selection of traits promotes the perpetuation of one's genes; caused by drive for survival and reproduction | 5 | |
| 1642459211 | cognitive perspective | focuses on how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information; caused by distorted thinking vs. clear and focused thinking | 6 | |
| 1642459212 | social-cultural perspective | focuses on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures; caused by cultural, social, and family expectations | 7 | |
| 1642459213 | Edward Bradford Titchener | Founded structuralism; urged people to use introspection to study elements of the mind | 8 | |
| 1642459214 | Wilhelm Wundt | Started the birth of modern psychology when he and his two students conducted the first psychological experiment in December 1879 | 9 | |
| 1642459215 | William James | Founded functionalism; studied how the mental process by which a person makes sense of an idea by assimilating it to the body of ideas he already possesses; wrote important 1890 psychology textbook | 10 | |
| 1642459216 | John B. Watson | Founder of behaviorism with Skinner; dismissed introspection, and redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior | 11 | |
| 1642459217 | Charles Darwin | Made influence on functionalism; formed the theory of natural selection | 12 | |
| 1642459218 | stability vs. change | controversy over whether an individual's traits persist or change throughout life | 13 | |
| 1642459219 | nature-nurture | the longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors | 14 | |
| 1642459220 | psychology | the scientific study of behavior and mental processes | 15 | |
| 1642459221 | Rene Descartes | Agreed with Socrates and Plato about existence of innate ideas and that mind was separate from body; chose to study relationship between mind and body | 16 | |
| 1642459222 | Francis Bacon | One of the founders of modern science, whose influence lingers in today's psychological science experiments today; supporter of empiricism | 17 | |
| 1642459223 | John Locke | Founder of empiricism; argued that the mind is a blank slate that experience writes upon | 18 | |
| 1642459224 | empiricism | the view that knowledge comes from experience via the senses and science flourishes through observation and experiment | 19 | |
| 1642459225 | Sigmund Freud | Founded psychoanalysis; emphasized importance of the unconscious mind and its effect on human behavior | 20 | |
| 1642459226 | Introspection | looking inward | 21 | |
| 1642459227 | Mary Calkins | Distinguished memory researcher and APA's first female president; student of William James | 22 | |
| 1642459228 | B.F. Skinner | Founder of behaviorism with Watson; dismissed introspection, and redefined psychology as the scientific study of observable behavior | 23 | |
| 1642459229 | Humanistic psychology | historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth | 24 | |
| 1642459230 | Carl Rogers | Founder of humanistic psychology with Abraham Maslow; believed in the growth potential of healthy people | 25 | |
| 1642459231 | Abraham Maslow | Founder of humanistic psychology with Carl Rogers; believed in the growth potential of healthy people | 26 | |
| 1642459232 | Cognitive revolution | 1960s change as psychology began to recapture interest in mental processes through studies of how our mind processes and retains information | 27 | |
| 1642459233 | Cognitive neuroscience | the study of interaction of thought processes and brain function | 28 | |
| 1642459234 | Natural selection | the principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations | 29 | |
| 1642459235 | Levels of analysis | the differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon | 30 | |
| 1642459236 | Biopsychosocial approach | an integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis | 31 | |
| 1642459237 | Biological approach | approach focusing on genetic predisposition, genetic mutations, natural selection of adapted physiology and behaviors, and genes responding to the environment | 32 | |
| 1642459238 | Psychological approach | approach focusing on learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, and cognitive processing and perceptual interpretations | 33 | |
| 1642459239 | Social-cultural approach | approach focusing on presence of others, cultural, societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influence, and compelling models | 34 | |
| 1642459240 | neuroscience perspective | focuses on how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experience; caused by brain chemistry and neurotransmitters | 35 | |
| 1642459241 | behavior genetics perspective | focuses on how much our genes and our environment influence our individual differences | 36 | |
| 1642459242 | behavioral perspective | focuses on how we learn from observable responses; caused by poor or effective modeling and reinforcement | 37 | |
| 1642459243 | basic research | pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base | 38 | |
| 1642459244 | applied research | scientific study that aims to solve practical problems | 39 | |
| 1642459245 | biological psychologists | psychologists who explore links between brain and mind | 40 | |
| 1642459246 | developmental psychologists | psychologists who study our changing abilities from womb to tomb | 41 | |
| 1642459247 | cognitive psychologists | psychologists who experiment with how we perceive, think, and solve problems | 42 | |
| 1642459248 | personality psychologists | psychologists who investigate our persistent traits | 43 | |
| 1642459249 | social psychologists | psychologists who explore how we view and affect one another | 44 | |
| 1642459250 | industrial / organization psychologists | psychologists who study and advise on behavior in the workplace | 45 | |
| 1642459251 | counseling psychologists | psychologists who study a branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living (often related to work, school, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being | 46 | |
| 1642459252 | clinical psychologists | psychologists who study a branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders | 47 | |
| 1642459253 | psychiatrists | psychologists who study a branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy | 48 | |
| 1642459254 | educational psychologists | psychologists who help individuals in school | 49 | |
| 1642459255 | behavior | any action we can observe and record | 50 | |
| 1642459256 | mental processes | internal, subjective experiences we infer from behavior, like sensations, perceptions, or dreams | 51 | |
| 873600486 | Plato and Socrates | early psychologists who concluded that the mind is separable from body and continues after the body dies and that knowledge is born with us | 52 | |
| 35411889 | Aristotle | early psychologist who relied on observations; told that the soul and its parts are not separable from the body and that knowledge is not preexisting. | 53 |
