Unit 2 of Myers Psychology for AP
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| 7804999810 | Hindsight Bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it |  | 0 |
| 7804999811 | Double Blind Procedure | An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo. Commonly used in drug-evaluation studies |  | 1 |
| 7804999812 | Independent Variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated--the variable whose effect is being studied |  | 2 |
| 7804999813 | Dependent Variables | The outcome factor -- the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable |  | 3 |
| 7804999814 | Mode | The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution |  | 4 |
| 7804999815 | Mean | The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtaining by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |  | 5 |
| 7804999816 | Median | The middle score in a distribution--half the scores are above it and half are below it |  | 6 |
| 7804999817 | Standard Deviations | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score |  | 7 |
| 7804999818 | Random Assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance ,thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups |  | 8 |
| 7804999819 | Random Sampling | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |  | 9 |
| 7804999820 | Scatter plot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation |  | 10 |
| 7804999821 | Illusory Correlation | The perception of a relationship where none exists |  | 11 |
| 7804999822 | Case Study | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles |  | 12 |
| 7804999823 | Survey | A technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them |  | 13 |
| 7804999824 | Naturalistic Observation | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |  | 14 |
| 7804999825 | Correlation | A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other. The correlation coefficient is the mathematical expression of the relationship, ranging from -1 to +1 |  | 15 |
| 7804999826 | Experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effects on some behavior or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant variable |  | 16 |
| 7804999827 | Replication | Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances |  | 17 |
| 7804999828 | Statistical Significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance |  | 18 |
| 7804999829 | Operational Definition | A statement of the procedures used to define research variables. Ex human intelligence -- what an intelligence test measures. |  | 19 |
| 7804999830 | Critical Thinking | thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions. | 20 | |
| 7804999831 | Theory | an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations |  | 21 |
| 7804999832 | Hypothesis | a testable prediction, often implied by a theory |  | 22 |
| 7804999833 | Population | all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |  | 23 |
| 7804999834 | Sample | items selected at random from a population and used to test hypotheses about the population | 24 | |
| 7804999835 | Correlation Coefficient | a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) |  | 25 |
| 7804999836 | Placebo | experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. |  | 26 |
| 7804999837 | Placebo Effect | any effect that seems to be a consequence of administering a placebo |  | 27 |
| 7804999838 | Experimental Group | in an experiment, the group that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. |  | 28 |
| 7804999839 | Control Group | in an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. |  | 29 |
| 7804999840 | Confounding Variable | a factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. |  | 30 |
| 7804999841 | Range | the difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution |  | 31 |
| 7804999842 | Normal Curve/distribution | a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68% fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer near the extremes |  | 32 |
| 7804999843 | Inferential Statistics | numerical methods used to determine whether research data support a hypothesis or whether results were due to chance |  | 33 |
| 7804999844 | Culture | the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next | 34 | |
| 7804999845 | Informed Consent | an ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate |  | 35 |
| 7804999846 | Debriefing | the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose and any deceptions, to its participants |  | 36 |
| 7804999847 | Kenneth and Mamie Clark | Used dolls to study children's attitude towards race. Their findings were used in the Brown vs. Board trial. |  | 37 |
| 7804999848 | Daniel Kahneman | an Israeli psychologist and Nobel laureate, who is notable for his work on the psychology of judgment and decision-making, behavioral economics and hedonistic psychology. |  | 38 |
| 7804999849 | longitudinal study | researchers follow the same subjects over an extended period of time. |  | 39 |
| 7804999850 | Amos Tversky | A key figure in the discovery of systematic human cognitive bias |  | 40 |
| 7804999851 | confirmation bias | experimenter might consciously or unconsciously look to confirm what they already believe about their hypothesis | 41 | |
| 7804999852 | Null hypothesis | Researchers work to reject, nullify or disprove the null hypothesis. Researchers come up with an alternate hypothesis, one that they think explains a phenomenon, and then work to reject the null hypothesis. | 42 | |
| 7804999853 | confidentiality | researchers may not release or publish the names of anyone participating in the experiment. | 43 | |
| 7804999854 | protection of participants | All participants are protected from physical mental and emotional harm. | 44 | |
| 7804999855 | Right to discontinue | Participants have the right to end their participation during any phase of an experiment. | 45 | |
| 7804999856 | minimum of deception | Researchers have an obligation to avoid deceiving participants whenever possible. | 46 | |
| 7804999857 | framing | the way questions are worded can dramatically impact the results of your survey. | 47 | |
| 7804999858 | Descriptive Statistics | describe the basic features of the data in a study. They provide simple summaries about the sample and the measures. | 48 | |
| 7804999859 | Skewed distribution to the left |  | 49 | |
| 7804999860 | Skewed distribution to the right |  | 50 | |
| 7804999861 | variance | measures how far a data set is spread out. The technical definition is "The average of the squared differences from the mean." | 51 | |
| 7804999862 | Mary Whiton Calkins | Denied a PhD by Harvard though she met the doctoral requirements, but later became first female president of the APA. | 52 | |
| 7804999863 | Margaret Floy Washburn | First woman to receive a PhD in psychology. Later became the 2nd female president of the APA. | 53 | |
| 7804999864 | Francis Sumner | First African American man to receive a PhD in psychology in 1920. | 54 | |
| 7804999865 | Inez Prosser | First African American woman to receive a PhD in psychology in 1933. | 55 | |
| 7804999866 | Edward Titchener | Studied with Wilhelm Wundt prior to becoming a psychology professor. His ideas created the basis for a school of thought called structuralism. | 56 |
