Chapter 3: The Brain
Chapter 4: Sensation
Chapter 5: Consciousness
Chapter 6: Learning
Terms : Hide Images
| 124025086 | neurons | a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system | |
| 124025087 | sensory neurons | neurons that carry incoming information from the sense receptors to the brain and spinal cord | |
| 124025088 | motor neurons | neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands | |
| 124025089 | interneurons | Neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs | |
| 124025090 | dendrite | the bushy, branching extensions of a neuron that receive messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body | |
| 124025091 | axon | the extension of a neuron, ending in branching terminal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles/glands | |
| 124025092 | myelin sheath | a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasing the fibers of many neurons; enables vastly greater transmission speed of neural impulses as the impulse hops from one node to the next | |
| 124025093 | action potential | a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon | |
| 124025094 | threshold | the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse | |
| 124025095 | synapse | the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft. | |
| 124025096 | neurotransmitters | chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons. When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron, thereby influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse. | |
| 124025097 | reuptake | a neurotransmitter's reabsorption by the sending neuron | |
| 124025098 | endorphins | "morphine within"--natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure. | |
| 124025099 | nervous system | the body's speedy, electrochemical communication network, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems | |
| 124025100 | central nervous system | the brain and spinal cord | |
| 124025101 | peripheral nervous system | the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body | |
| 124025102 | nerves | bundled axons that form neural "cables" connecting the central nervous system with muscles, glands, and sense organs | |
| 124025103 | somatic nervous system | the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles | |
| 124025104 | autonomic nervous system | The part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of the internal organs (such as the heart). Its sympathetic division arouses; its parasympathetic division calms. | |
| 124025105 | sympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations | |
| 124025106 | parasympathetic nervous system | the division of the autonomic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy | |
| 124025107 | reflex | a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response | |
| 124025108 | endocrine system | the body's "slow" chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream | |
| 124025109 | hormones | chemical messengers that are manufactured by the endocrine glands, travel through the bloodstream, and affect other tissues | |
| 124025110 | adrenal glands | a pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys. the adrenals secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which help to arouse the body in times of stress. | |
| 124025111 | pituitary gland | the endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | |
| 124025112 | lesion | tissue destruction. A brain lesion is a naturally or experimentally caused destruction of brain tissue | |
| 124025113 | electroencephalogram | an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface. These waves are measured by electrodes placed on the scalp. | |
| 124025114 | CT Scan | a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body. (CAT scan) | |
| 124025115 | PET scan | a visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task. | |
| 124025116 | MRI | a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue; show brain anatomy | |
| 124025117 | fMRI | a technique for revealing blood flow and, therefore, brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans. MRI scans show brain anatomy; show brain function. | |
| 124025118 | brainstem | The oldest part and central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic survival functions | |
| 124025119 | medulla | the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing | |
| 124025120 | reticular formation | a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal | |
| 124025121 | thalamus | the brain's sensory switchboard, located on top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla | |
| 124025122 | cerebellum | the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance | |
| 124025123 | limbic system | a doughnut-shaped neural system (including the hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus) located below the cerebral hemisphere; associated with emotion and drive | |
| 124025124 | amygdala | two lima bean-sized neural clusters that are components of the limbic system and are linked to emotion | |
| 124025125 | hypothalamus | a neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion and reward | |
| 124025126 | cerebral cortex | the intricate fabric of interconnected neural cells that covers the cerebral hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center. | |
| 124025127 | glial cells | cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons | |
| 124025128 | frontal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead; involved in speaking and muscle movements and in making plans and judgments | |
| 124025129 | parietal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; receives sensory input for touch and body position | |
| 124025130 | occipital lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying at the back of the head; includes the visual areas, which receive visual information from the opposite visual field | |
| 124025131 | temporal lobes | the portion of the cerebral cortex lying roughly above the ears; includes the auditory areas, each of which receives auditory information primarily from the opposite ear | |
| 124025132 | motor cortex | an area at the rear of the frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements | |
| 124025133 | sensory cortex | the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body touch and movement sensations | |
| 124025134 | aphasia | impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to wernicke's area (impairing understanding) | |
| 124025135 | broca's area | controls language expression—an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. | |
| 124025136 | Wernicke's Area | controls language reception-a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression;usually in the left temporal lobe | |
| 124025137 | plasticity | the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience | |
| 124025138 | neurogenesis | the formation of new neurons | |
| 124025139 | corpus callosum | the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them | |
| 124025140 | split brain | a condition resulting from surgery that isolates the brain's two hemispheres by cutting the fibers (mainly those of the corpus callosum) connecting them. | |
| 124025141 | consciousness | our awareness of ourselves and our environment | |
| 124025142 | cognitive neuroscience | an interdisciplinary field emphasizing brain activity as information processing; involves cognitive psychology, neurology, biology, computer science, linguistics, and specialists from other fields who are interested in the connection between mental processes and the brain | |
| 124025143 | dual processing | the principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks | |
| 124025144 | behavior genetics | the study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior | |
| 124025145 | environment | every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us | |
| 124025146 | chromosomes | threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes | |
| 124025147 | DNA | a complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes | |
| 124025148 | genes | the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein | |
| 124025149 | genome | the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organism's chromosomes | |
| 124025150 | identical twins | twins who develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms | |
| 124025151 | fraternal twins | twins who develop from separate fertilized eggs. They are genetically no closer than brothers and sisters, but they share a fetal environment. | |
| 124025152 | heritability | The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied. | |
| 124025153 | interaction | the interplay that occurs when the effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as heredity) | |
| 124025154 | molecular genetics | the subfield of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes | |
| 124025155 | mutations | a random error in gene replication that leads to a change | |
| 124025156 | sensation | the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies from our environment | |
| 124025157 | perception | the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events | |
| 124025158 | bottom-up processing | analysis that begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain's integration of sensory information | |
| 124025159 | top-down processing | information processing guided by higher-level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations | |
| 124025160 | selective attention | the focusing of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus | |
| 124025161 | inattentional blindness | failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere | |
| 124025162 | change blindness | failing to notice changes in the environment | |
| 124025163 | psychophysics | the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them | |
| 124025164 | absolute threshold | the minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50 percent of the time | |
| 124025165 | signal detection theory | a theory predicting how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus ("signal") amid background stimulation ("noise"). Assumes there is no single absolute threshold and detection depends partly on a person's experience, expectations, motivation, and level of fatigue. | |
| 124025166 | subliminal | below one's absolute threshold for conscious awareness | |
| 124025167 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of certain associations, thus predisposing one's perception, memory, or response | |
| 124025168 | difference threshold | the minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50 percent of the time. We experience the difference threshold as a just noticeable difference. | |
| 124025169 | weber's law | the principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) | |
| 124025170 | sensory adaptation | diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation | |
| 124025171 | transduction | conversion of one form of energy into another. In sensation, the transforming of stimulus energies, such as sights, sounds, and smells, into neural impulses our brains can interpret. | |
| 124025172 | wavelength | the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. Electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of cosmic rays to the long pulses of radio transmission. | |
| 124025173 | hue | the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light; what we know as the color names blue, green, and so forth. | |
| 124025174 | intensity | the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the wave's amplitude | |
| 124025175 | pupil | The adjustable opening in the center of the eye through which light enters. | |
| 124025176 | iris | a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening | |
| 124025177 | lens | the transparent structure behind the pupil that changes shape to help focus images on the retina | |
| 124025178 | retina | the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information | |
| 124025179 | accommodation | the process by which the eye's lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina | |
| 124025180 | rods | retinal receptors that detect black, white, and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond | |
| 124025181 | cones | retinal receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensations. | |
| 124025182 | optic nerve | the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain | |
| 124025183 | blind spot | the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind" spot because no receptor cells are located there | |
| 124025184 | fovea | the central focal point in the retina, around which the eye's cones cluster | |
| 124025185 | feature detectors | nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement | |
| 124025186 | parallel processing | the processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brain's natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step (serial) processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving. | |
| 124025187 | Young-Helmholtz trichromatic theory | the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors—one most sensitive to red, one to green, one to blue—which when stimulated in combination can produce the perception of any color. | |
| 124025188 | opponent-process theory | the theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. For example, some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red; others are stimulated by red and inhibited by green | |
| 124025189 | audition | the sense or act of hearing | |
| 124025190 | frequency | the number of complete wavelengths that pass a point in a given time | |
| 124025191 | pitch | a tone's experienced highness or lowness, depends on frequency | |
| 124025192 | middle ear | the chamber between the eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea's oval window | |
| 124025193 | cochlea | a coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves trigger nerve impulses | |
| 124025194 | inner ear | the innermost part of the ear, containing the cochlea, semicircular canals, and vestibular sacs. | |
| 124025195 | place theory | in hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated | |
| 124025196 | frequency theory | in hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch | |
| 124025197 | conduction hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea | |
| 124025198 | sensorineural hearing loss | hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves; also called nerve deafness | |
| 124025199 | cochlear implant | a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea | |
| 124025200 | kinesthesis | the system for sensing the position and movement of individual body parts | |
| 124025201 | vestibular sense | the sense of body movement and position, including the sense of balance | |
| 124025202 | gate-control theory | the theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological "gate" that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain. The "gate" is opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers and is closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain. | |
| 124025203 | sensory interaction | the principle that one sense may influence another, as when the smell of food influences its taste | |
| 124025204 | figure-ground | the organization of the visual field into objects (the figures) that stand out from their surroundings (the ground). | |
| 124025205 | gestalt | an organized whole. Gestalt psychologists emphasized our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes | |
| 124025206 | grouping | the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups | |
| 124025207 | depth perception | the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are two-dimensional; allows us to judge distance | |
| 124025208 | visual cliff | a laboratory device for testing depth perception in infants and young animals | |
| 124025209 | binocular cues | depth cues, such as retinal disparity and convergence, that depend on the use of two eyes | |
| 124025210 | retinal disparity | a binocular cue for perceiving depth; by comparing images from the two eyes, the brain computes distance - the greater the disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object | |
| 124025211 | monocular cues | depth cues, such as interposition and linear perspective, available to either eye alone | |
| 124025212 | phi phenomenon | an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession | |
| 124025213 | perceptual constancy | perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change | |
| 124025214 | color constancy | perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object | |
| 124025215 | perceptual adaptation | in vision, the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or even inverted visual field | |
| 124025216 | perceptual set | a mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another | |
| 124025217 | extrasensory perception | the controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input. Said to include telepathy, clairvoyance, and precognition. | |
| 124025218 | parapsychology | the study of paranormal phenomena, including ESP and psychokinesis | |
| 124025219 | conciousness | state of awareness of ourselves and our environment | |
| 124025220 | circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle | |
| 124025221 | REM sleep | rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. Also known as paradoxical sleep, because the muscles are relaxed (except for minor twitches) but other body systems are active. | |
| 124025222 | alpha waves | the relatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awake state | |
| 124025223 | sleep | periodical, natural loss of consciousness | |
| 124025224 | hallucinations | false sensory experiences, such as seeing something in the absence of an external visual stimulus | |
| 124025225 | delta waves | the large, slow brain waves associated with deep sleep | |
| 124025226 | NREM sleep | encompasses all sleep stages except for REM sleep | |
| 124025227 | insomnia | recurring problems in falling or staying asleep | |
| 124025228 | narcolepsy | a sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times | |
| 124025229 | sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings | |
| 124025230 | night terrors | a sleep disorder characterized by high arousal and an appearance of being terrified; unlike nightmares, night terrors occur during Stage 4 sleep, within two or three hours of falling asleep, and are seldom remembered | |
| 124025231 | dreams | a sequence of images, emotions, and thoughts passing through a sleeping person's mind. Dreams are notable for their hallucinatory imagery, discontinuities, and incongruities, and for the dreamer's delusional acceptance of the content and later difficulties remembering it. | |
| 124025232 | manifest content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream (as distinct from its latent, or hidden, content) | |
| 124025233 | latent content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream | |
| 124025234 | REM rebound | the tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation (created by repeated awakenings during REM sleep) | |
| 124025235 | hypnosis | a social interaction in which one person suggests to another that certain perceptions, feelings, thoughts, or behaviors will spontaneously occur | |
| 124025236 | posthypnotic suggestions | A suggestion, made during a hypnosis session, to be carried out after the subject no longer is hypnotized; used by some clinicians to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors. | |
| 124025237 | dissociation | a split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others | |
| 124025238 | depressants | drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and opiates) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions. | |
| 124025239 | barbiturate | drugs that depress the activity of the central nervous system reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement | |
| 124025240 | opiates | opium and its derivatives, such as morphine and heroin; they depress neural activity, temporarily lessening pain and anxiety. | |
| 124025241 | stimulants | drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions. | |
| 124025242 | amphetamines | drugs that stimulate neural activity, causing speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes | |
| 124025243 | methamphetamine | a powerfully addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system, with speeded-up body functions and associated energy and mood changes; over time, appears to reduce baseline dopamine levels | |
| 124025244 | ecstasy | a synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen. Produces euphoria and social intimacy, but with short-term health risks and longer-term harm to serotonin-producing neurons and to mood and cognition. | |
| 124025245 | hallucinogens | psychedelic drugs, such as LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input | |
| 124025246 | LSD | a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid | |
| 124025247 | near-death experience | an altered state of consciousness reported after a close brush with death (such as through cardiac arrest); often similar to drug-induced hallucinations | |
| 124025248 | THC | the major active ingredient in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations | |
| 124025249 | learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience. | |
| 124025250 | habituation | decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it | |
| 124025251 | associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning). | |
| 124025252 | classical conditioning | a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events | |
| 124025253 | unconditioned response | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth. | |
| 124025254 | unconditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. | |
| 124025255 | conditioned response | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS). | |
| 124025256 | conditioned stimulus | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response | |
| 124025257 | Ivan Pavlov | Russian physiologist who discovered the principles of classical conditioning | |
| 124025258 | acquisition | in CC, the initial stage, when one links a neural stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neural stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response | |
| 124025259 | higher-order conditioning | a procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus | |
| 124025260 | extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced. | |
| 124025261 | spontaneous recovery | the reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response | |
| 124025262 | generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses | |
| 124025263 | discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus | |
| 124025264 | learned helplessness | the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events | |
| 124025265 | respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus | |
| 124025266 | operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher | |
| 124025267 | operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences | |
| 124025268 | law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely | |
| 124025269 | operant chamber | a chamber also known as a Skinner box, containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research. | |
| 124025270 | shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior | |
| 124025271 | discriminative stimulus | in OP, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement | |
| 124025272 | reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows | |
| 124025273 | positive reinforcement | increasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food; any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 124025274 | negative reinforcement | increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock; any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. | |
| 124025275 | primary reinforcer | an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need | |
| 124025276 | conditioned reinforcer | A stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; also known as secondary reinforcer. | |
| 124025277 | continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs | |
| 124025278 | partial reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement | |
| 124025279 | fixed-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses | |
| 124025280 | variable-ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses | |
| 124025281 | fixed-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed | |
| 124025282 | variable-interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals | |
| 124025283 | punishment | an event that decreases the behavior that it follows | |
| 124025284 | cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environment. For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it. | |
| 124025285 | latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it | |
| 124025286 | insight | a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem | |
| 124025287 | intrinsic motivation | A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake | |
| 124025288 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment | |
| 124025289 | observational learning | learning by observing others | |
| 124025290 | modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior | |
| 124025291 | mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy. | |
| 124025292 | Albert Bandura | bobo doll experiment, observational learning | |
| 124025293 | prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
