Chapter 7: Memory
Chapter 8: Motivation
Terms : Hide Images
| 124059222 | memory | the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information | 0 | |
| 124059223 | encoding | the processing of information into the memory system--for example, by extracting meaning | 1 | |
| 124059224 | storage | the retention of encoded information over time | 2 | |
| 124059225 | retrieval | the process of getting information out of memory storage | 3 | |
| 124059226 | sensory memory | the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system | 4 | |
| 124059227 | short-term memory | activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten | 5 | |
| 124059228 | long-term memory | the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills, and experiences | 6 | |
| 124059229 | working memory | a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory | 7 | |
| 124059230 | automatic processing | unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings | 8 | |
| 124059231 | effortful processing | encoding that requires attention and conscious effort | 9 | |
| 124059232 | rehearsal | the conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage | 10 | |
| 124059233 | spacing effect | the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice | 11 | |
| 124059234 | serial position effect | our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list | 12 | |
| 124059235 | visual encoding | the encoding of picture images | 13 | |
| 124059236 | acoustic encoding | the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words | 14 | |
| 124059237 | semantic encoding | the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words | 15 | |
| 124059238 | imagery | mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding | 16 | |
| 124059239 | mnemonics | memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices | 17 | |
| 124059240 | chunking | organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically | 18 | |
| 124059241 | iconic memory | a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second | 19 | |
| 124059242 | echoic memory | a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds | 20 | |
| 124059243 | long-term potentiation | an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory | 21 | |
| 124059244 | flashbulb memory | a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event | 22 | |
| 124059245 | amnesia | loss of memory | 23 | |
| 124059246 | implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative) | 24 | |
| 124059247 | explicit memory | memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" | 25 | |
| 124059248 | hippocampus | a neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage | 26 | |
| 124059249 | recall | a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test | 27 | |
| 124059250 | recognition | designation by the chair granting a person the right to speak in a deliberative body | 28 | |
| 124059251 | relearning | a memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time | 29 | |
| 124059252 | priming | the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory | 30 | |
| 124059253 | deja vu | that eerie sense that "I've experienced this before." Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience. | 31 | |
| 124059254 | mood-congruent memory | the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood | 32 | |
| 124059255 | Hermann Ebbinghaus | the first person to study memory scientifically and systematically; used nonsense syllables and recorded how many times he had to study a list to remember it well; the forgetting curve | 33 | |
| 124059256 | proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information | 34 | |
| 124059257 | retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information | 35 | |
| 124059258 | repression | in psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories | 36 | |
| 124059259 | misinformation effect | incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event | 37 | |
| 124059260 | source amnesia | attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined | 38 | |
| 124059261 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating | 39 | |
| 124059262 | concept | a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people | 40 | |
| 124059263 | prototype | a mental image or best example of a category | 41 | |
| 124059264 | algorithm | a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier -- but also more error-prone -- use of heuristics | 42 | |
| 124059265 | heuristic | a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms | 43 | |
| 124059266 | creativity | the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas | 44 | |
| 124059267 | confirmation bias | a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence | 45 | |
| 124059268 | fixation | the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set | 46 | |
| 124059269 | mental set | a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past | 47 | |
| 124059270 | functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving | 48 | |
| 124059271 | representativeness heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead one to ignore other relevant information | 49 | |
| 124059272 | availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common | 50 | |
| 124059273 | overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct--to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments | 51 | |
| 124059274 | belief perserverance | Clinging to ones invalid conceptions even after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited. | 52 | |
| 124059275 | intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning | 53 | |
| 124059276 | framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments | 54 | |
| 124059277 | language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning | 55 | |
| 124059278 | phoneme | in a language, the smallest distinctive sound unit | 56 | |
| 124059279 | morpheme | in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix) | 57 | |
| 124059280 | grammar | in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others | 58 | |
| 124059281 | semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | 59 | |
| 124059282 | syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language | 60 | |
| 124059283 | linguistic determinism | Whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think | 61 | |
| 124059284 | instinct | a complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned | 62 | |
| 124059285 | motivation | a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior | 63 | |
| 124059286 | drive-reduction theory | the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need | 64 | |
| 124059287 | homeostasis | a tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level | 65 | |
| 124059288 | incentive | a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior | 66 | |
| 124059289 | hierarchy of needs | Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active | 67 | |
| 124059290 | glucose | the form of sugar that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. When its level is low, we feel hunger. | 68 | |
| 124059291 | set point | the point at which an individual's "weight thermostat" is supposedly set. When the body falls below this weight, an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight. | 69 | |
| 124059292 | basal metabolic rate | the body's resting rate of energy expenditure | 70 | |
| 124059293 | sexual response cycle | the four stages of sexual responding described by Matsters and Johnson-excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution. | 71 | |
| 124059294 | refractory period | a resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm. | 72 | |
| 124059295 | James-Lange theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli | 73 | |
| 124059296 | emotion | a response of the whole organism, involving (1) physiological arousal, (2) expressive behaviors, and (3) conscious experience | 74 | |
| 124059297 | Cannon-Bard theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion | 75 | |
| 124059298 | two-factor theory | Schachter-Singer's theory that to experience emotion one must (1) be physically aroused and (2) cognitively label the arousal. | 76 | |
| 124059299 | facial feedback | the effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions | 77 | |
| 124059300 | relative deprivation | the perception that one is worse off relative to those with whom one compares oneself | 78 | |
| 124059301 | stress | the process by which we perceive and respond to certain events, called stressors, that we appraise as threatening or challenging | 79 | |
| 124059302 | general adaptation syndrome | Seylye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion | 80 | |
| 124059303 | psychophysiological illness | Literally, "mind-body" illness; any stress-related physical illness, such as hypertension and some headaches. | 81 | |
| 124059304 | type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people | 82 | |
| 124059305 | Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people | 83 | |
| 124059306 | psychoneuroimmunology | the study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and resulting health | 84 | |
| 124059307 | lymphocytes | The two types of white blood cells that are part of the body's immune system | 85 |
