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| 5765075766 | Behavioral Perspective | - John Watson and B.F Skinner - Study only observable behavior and explain behavior through learning principles - Leaned through rewards and punishments | 0 | |
| 5765075767 | Biological Perspective | - Behavior/Behavior disorders are seen as the result of physical processes, especially those relating to the brain and to hormones and other chemicals - Concerned with how the physical properties of the brain influence behaviors and mental state | 1 | |
| 5765075768 | Cognitive Perspective | - Mental processes underlying judgement, decision making, problem solving, imagining, and other aspects of human thought or cognition - How individuals interpret their experience | 2 | |
| 5765075769 | Evolutionary Perspective | - Emphasizes the inherited adaptive aspects of behavior and mental processes | 3 | |
| 5765075770 | Humanistic Perspective | Behavior is controlled by the decisions that people make about their lives based on their perceptions of the world; view in which personality develops through and actualizing tendency that unfolds in accordance with each person's unique perceptions of the world | 4 | |
| 5765075771 | Psychodynamic Perspective | - Sigmund Freud - Behavior is controlled by the unconscious mental processes in determining human thought, feelings, and behavior | 5 | |
| 5765075772 | Who established the first psychology lab? | Wilhelm Wundt | 6 | |
| 5765075773 | Explain the concept of standard deviation | - A measure of variability that is the average difference between each score and the mean of the data set - The "average of the average" - A lower standard deviation = more consistent results | 7 | |
| 5765075774 | What are descriptive statistics? | - Numbers that summarize a set of research data - Describes a data set numerically | 8 | |
| 5765075775 | What are inferential statistics? | A set of procedures that provides a measure of how likely it is that research results came about by chance | 9 | |
| 5765075776 | Naturalistic Observation | The process if watching without interfering as a phenomenon occurs in the natural environment (ie. observing children's interactions on a playground) | 10 | |
| 5765075777 | Survey | Research method that involves giving people questionnaires or special interviews designed to obtain descriptions of their attitudes, beliefs, opinions, and intentions | 11 | |
| 5765075778 | Case Studies | Research method involving the intensive examination of some phenomenon in a particular individual, group, or situation | 12 | |
| 5765075779 | Double-Blind Design | Research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group which guards bias | 13 | |
| 5765075780 | Correlation Study | Research method that examines relationships between variables in order to analyze trends in data, to test predictions, to evaluates theories and to suggest new hypotheses | 14 | |
| 5765075781 | What are the correlation coefficients associated with positive correlation, negative correlation and no correlation? | Positive correlation = 0 to +1 Negative correlation = 0 to -1 No correlation = 0 | 15 | |
| 5765075782 | Statistical significance | - Describes research results when the outcome of a statistical test indicates that the probability of those results occurring by a chance is small - More likely to find statistical significance with a large sample size | 16 | |
| 5765075783 | Sympathetic Nervous System | - The subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that usually prepares the organism for vigorous activity - Mobilizes its energy in stressful situations & arousal | 17 | |
| 5765075784 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | - The subsystem of the autonomic nervous system that typically influences activity related to the protection, nourishment, and growth of the body - Conserves energy and calms the body | 18 | |
| 5765075785 | Axon | A fiber that carries signals from the body of a neuron out to where communication occurs with other neurons | 19 | |
| 5765075786 | Dendrite | A neuron fiber that receives signals from the axons of other neurons and carries those signals to the cell body | 20 | |
| 5765075787 | Synapse | The tiny gap between neurons across which they communicate | 21 | |
| 5765075788 | Refractory Period | - A short rest period between action potentials - Neurons needs to take a break in between firing action potentials to become re-polarized | 22 | |
| 5765075789 | Thalamus | - A forebrain structure that relays signals from most sense organs to higher levels in the brain and plays an important role in processing and making sense out of this information - "Relay Station" | 23 | |
| 5765075790 | Which human sense does not pass through the thalamus? | Olfactory (Smell) | 24 | |
| 5765075791 | What is the primary function of the endocrine system? | - Cells that form organs called glands and that communicate with one another by secreting chemicals called hormones into the bloodstream - Regulates functions ranging from stress responses to physical growth | 25 | |
| 5765075792 | Somantic Nervous System | - The subsystem of the peripheral nervous system that transmits information from the senses to the central nervous system and carries signals from the central nervous system to the muscles | 26 | |
| 5765075793 | Central Nervous System | The parts of the nervous system encased in bone, including the brain and the spinal cord | 27 | |
| 5765075794 | Corpus Callosum | A massive bundle of fibers that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other | 28 | |
| 5765075795 | Describe the common responses of split brain patients when taking visual tests | Left hemisphere more verbal Right hemisphere excels in visual perception and emotion . | 29 | |
| 5765075796 | Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) | - Exposes the brain to a magnetic field and measures radio frequency waves - Forms a detailed structural picture of the brain | 30 | |
| 5765075797 | Positron Emission Tomography (PET) | - Positions and photons are emissions from radioactive substances - Glucose in brain is marked with a radioactive substance. Then radiation detectors identified especially active brain areas | 31 | |
| 5765075798 | Explain the functions of the two hemispheres of the brain and how they control the rest of the body | - Hemispheres control sensations and motor movements from the opposite side of the body - Right Hemisphere: More artistic and creative side of the brain - Left Hemisphere: More academic and logical side of the brain | 32 | |
| 5765075799 | Cerebellum | - The part of the hindbrain whose main functions include controlling finely coordinated movements and storing memories about movement, but which may also be involved in impulse control, emotion, and language - Balance and coordination | 33 | |
| 5765075800 | Hippocampus | A structure in the forebrain associated with the formation of new memories | 34 | |
| 5765075801 | Sensory Cortex | The parts of the cerebral cortex that receive stimulus information from the senses | 35 | |
| 5765075802 | Motor Cortex | The part of the cerebral cortex whose neurons control voluntary movements in specific parts of the body | 36 | |
| 5765075803 | What ear structure is responsible for transduction? | Cochlea | 37 | |
| 5765075804 | Sensory Adaptation | The process through which responsiveness to an unchanging stimulus decreases over time | 38 | |
| 5765075805 | Describe the route of sensory information in hearing | Pinna funnels sound > eardrum > bones of inner ear (hammer, anvil, & stirrup) > oval window to cochlea > transduction > temporal lobe | 39 | |
| 5765075806 | Describe the route of sensory information in vision | Cornea > Pupil > Lens > Fovea & Photoreceptors > Bipolar Cells > Ganglion Cells > Optic Nerve > Optic Chiasm > Thalamus > Occipital Lobe | 40 | |
| 5765075807 | Gate Control Theory | A theory suggesting that a functional 'gate' in the spinal cord can either let pain impulses travel upward to the brain or block their progress Example: Josh fell off the jungle gym and scraped his arm. At first he cried out in pain, but when he rubbed his knee the pain went away | 41 | |
| 5765075808 | Perception | The process through which people take raw sensations from the environment and interpret them, using knowledge, experience, and understanding of the world, so that the sensations become meaningful experiences | 42 | |
| 5765075809 | Sensation | Messages from the senses that make up raw information that affects many kinds of behavior and mental processes | 43 | |
| 5765075810 | Absolute Threshold | The minimum amount of stimulus energy that can be detected 50% of the time | 44 | |
| 5765075811 | Subliminal Stimuli | Stimuli that are too weak or brief to be perceived | 45 | |
| 5765075812 | Supraliminal Stimuli | Stimuli that are strong enough to be consistently perceived | 46 | |
| 5765075813 | Response Criterion | The internal rule a person uses to decide whether or not to report a stimulus. | 47 | |
| 5765075814 | Difference Threshold | The smallest detectable difference in stimulus energy | 48 | |
| 5765075815 | Top Down Processing | Aspects of recognition that are guided by higher-level cognitive processes and psychological factors such as expectations | 49 | |
| 5765075816 | Bottom Up Processing | Aspects of recognition that depend first on the information about the stimulus that comes to the brain from the sensory receptors | 50 | |
| 5765075817 | Inattentional Blindness | When the spotlight of your attention is voluntarily or involuntarily focused on one part of the environment, you may ignore of be "blind" to stimuli occurring in other parts. (ie. Moonwalking Bear) | 51 | |
| 5765075818 | Change Blindness | Researchers found that 40 percent of people focused on repeating a list of challenging words failed to notice a change in the person speaking | 52 | |
| 5765075819 | Learning | - The modification through experience of pre-existing behavior and understanding - Relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge due to experience | 53 | |
| 5765075820 | Spontaneous Recovery | The reappearance of the conditioned response after extinction and without further pairings of the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli | 54 | |
| 5765075821 | Reconditioning | The quick relearning of a conditioned response following extinction | 55 | |
| 5765075822 | Classical Conditioning | A procedure in which a neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with a stimulus that elicits a reflex or other response until the neutral stimulus alone comes to elicit a similar response | 56 | |
| 5765075823 | Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) | - A stimulus that elicits a response without conditioning - Example: Meat powder / food | 57 | |
| 5765075824 | Unconditioned Response (UCR) | - The automatic or unlearned reaction to a stimulus - Example: Salivate to food | 58 | |
| 5765075825 | Conditioned Stimulus (CS) | - The originally neutral stimulus that, through pairing with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response - Example: Bell | 59 | |
| 5765075826 | Conditioned Response (CR) | - The response that the conditioned stimulus elicits - Example: Salivate to bell | 60 | |
| 5765075827 | Learned Helplessness | Learning that responses do not affect consequences, resulting in failure to try to exert control over the environment Example: George keeps failing his bio class. He has tried to take several different types of study methods, but nothing seems to help. When his teacher recommends a new study idea, George doesn't even bother to go try it | 61 | |
| 5765075828 | Observational Learning | Learning how to perform new behaviors by watching others | 62 | |
| 5765075829 | Operant | A response that has some effect on the world | 63 | |
| 5765075830 | Fixed Interval (FI) | A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response that occurs after some fixed time has passed since the last reward | 64 | |
| 5765075831 | Fixed Ratio (FR) | A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement following a fixed number of responses Example: Car salesmen receive a $1000 bonus for every twenty cars they sell | 65 | |
| 5765075832 | Variable Interval (VI) | - A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement for the first response after varying periods of time - Example: In Econ 101 the professor takes attendance on the average every 5 to 10 days, and students who are present receive extra points | 66 | |
| 5765075833 | Variable Ratio (VR) | - A partial reinforcement schedule that provides reinforcement after a varying number of responses | 67 | |
| 5765075834 | Primary Reinforcer | Reinforcers that meet an organism's basic needs, such as food and water | 68 | |
| 5765075835 | Secondary Reinforcer | - A reward that people or animals learn to like - Example: Money | 69 | |
| 5765075836 | Reinforcer | A stimulus event that increases the probability that the response that immediately preceded it will occur again | 70 | |
| 5765075837 | Punishment | - Presentation of an aversive stimulus or the removal of a pleasant stimulus - Decreases the likelihood that the response will repeat again | 71 | |
| 5765075838 | Latent Learning | Learning that is not demonstrated at the time it occurs | 72 | |
| 5765075839 | Cognitive Map | A mental representation of the environment | 73 | |
| 5765075840 | What are the three steps in forming a new memory? | Encoding > Storage > Retrieval | 74 | |
| 5765075841 | Encoding | The process of acquiring information and entering it into memory | 75 | |
| 5765075842 | Storage | The process of maintaining information in memory over time | 76 | |
| 5765075843 | Retrieval | The process of recalling information stored in memory | 77 | |
| 5765075844 | Episodic Memory | - Memory of an event that happened while one was present - "I remember the first time I rode a bike" | 78 | |
| 5765075845 | Semantic Memory | - A type of memory containing generalized knowledge of the world - "I know that the capital of Illinois is Springfield | 79 | |
| 5765075846 | Procedural Memory | - A type of memory containing information about how to do things - "How to..." | 80 | |
| 5765075847 | Short-Term Memory (STM) | - The maintenance component of working memory, which holds unrehearsed information for a limited time | 81 | |
| 5765075848 | Which type of encoding is used in short-term memory? | Maintenance Rehearsal | 82 | |
| 5765075849 | What is the 'Magic Number' of STM? Why is this number significant? | - (7+) or (-2) - Is the general capacity for chunks of information | 83 | |
| 5765075850 | Maintenance Rehearsal | Repeating information over and over to keep it active in short-term memory | 84 | |
| 5765075851 | Elaborative Rehearsal | A memorization method that involves thinking about how new information relates to information already stored in long-term memory | 85 | |
| 5765075852 | Implicit Memory | - The unintentional influence of prior experiences - Example: Procedural, not liking someone but not knowing why | 86 | |
| 5765075853 | Explicit Memory | - The process in which people intentionally try to remember something - Who is the 45th president? | 87 | |
| 5765075854 | Retrieval Cue | - A stimulus that aids the recall or recognition of information stored in memory - Example: "Do you know my name? It starts with an 'L'" | 88 | |
| 5765075855 | Serial Position | Where the words are in a list | 89 | |
| 5765075856 | Primacy Effect | - A characteristic of memory in which recall of the first two or three items in a list is particularly good - Kept due to maintenance rehearsal | 90 | |
| 5765075857 | Recency Effect | - A characteristic of memory in which recall is particularly good for the last few items in a list - In STM | 91 | |
| 5765075858 | Parallel Distributed Processing Model | Memory models in which new experiences change one's overall knowledge base | 92 | |
| 5765075859 | Selective Attention | The focusing of mental resources on only part of the stimulus field | 93 | |
| 5765075860 | Retrograde Amnesia | A loss of memory for events prior to a brain injury | 94 | |
| 5765075861 | Anterograde Amnesia | A loss of memory for any event that occurs after a brain injury | 95 | |
| 5765075862 | State-Dependent Memory | Memory that is aided or impeded by a person's internal state | 96 | |
| 5765075863 | Context-Dependent Memory | Memory that can be helped or hindered by similarities or differences between the context in which it is learned and the context in which it is recalled | 97 | |
| 5765075864 | Cognition | Capacity to reason, remember, understand, solve problem and make decisions | 98 | |
| 5765075865 | Cognitive Psychology | The study of the mental processes by which information from the environment is modified, made meaningful, stored, retrieved, used, and communicated to others | 99 | |
| 5765075866 | Availability Heuristic | A mental shortcut through which judgments are based on information that is most easily brought to mind | 100 | |
| 5765075867 | Representative Heuristic | A mental shortcut that involves judging whether something belongs in a given class on the basis of its similarity to other members of that class | 101 | |
| 5765075868 | Anchoring Heuristic | A mental shortcut that involves basing judgments on existing information | 102 | |
| 5765075869 | Mental Set | The tendency for old patterns of problem solving to persist, even when they might not be the best ones available | 103 | |
| 5765075870 | Confirmation Bias | - The tendency to pay more attention to evidence in support of one's hypothesis than to evidence that refutes that hypothesis - Example: Your boyfriend/girlfriend is cheating on you and everyone knows it except you | 104 | |
| 5765075871 | What are the two basic elements of language? | Symbols, such as words, and a set of rules called grammar | 105 | |
| 5765075872 | When a child speaks in the past tense incorrectly ("goed" or "falled"), what does this show regarding language acquisition? | - Humans have a language acquisition device - Not all language is learned through observation because parents do not talk like this | 106 | |
| 5765075873 | Consciousness | Awareness of external stimuli and one's own mental activity | 107 | |
| 5765075874 | Priming | Implicit memory effect in which exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus | 108 | |
| 5765075875 | Circadian Rhythm | A cycle, such as waking and sleeping, that repeats about once a day | 109 | |
| 5765075876 | Altered State of Consciousness | A condition in which changes in mental processes are extensive enough that a person or others notice significant differences in psychological and behavioral functioning | 110 | |
| 5765075877 | What do EEG alpha waves suggest? | That the person is awake | 111 | |
| 5765075878 | At what stage of the sleep cycle does dreaming occur? | REM which occurs most late in the night | 112 | |
| 5765075879 | When does REM rebound occur? | After people are deprived of REM sleep | 113 | |
| 5765075880 | Night Terror | - Horrific dream that causes rapid awakening from stage 3 or 4 sleep and intense fear for up to thirty minutes | 114 | |
| 16488999871 | What neurotransmitter mimics opiates? | Endorphins | 115 |
