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AP Psychology: Thinking and Language Flashcards

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8221396828CognitionMental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating0
8221396829ConceptA mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set)1
8221396830PrototypeA mental image or best example of a category2
8221396831AlgorithmA step-by-step procedure that leads to a definite solution.3
8221396832HeuristicA simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.4
8221396833Availability HeuristicEstimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common5
8221396834Representativeness HeuristicJudging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.6
8221396835InsightA sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem7
8221396836Confirmation BiasA tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence8
8221396837Mental SetA tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past9
8221396838Functional FixednessThe inability to see a new use for an object10
8221396839IntuitionImmediate and automatic feeling and thought11
8221396840Trial and ErrorMost fundamental method of problem solving12
8221396841OverconfidenceTendency to overestimate our judgement13
8221396842Belief PerserveranceClinging to your initial belief in something despite no evidence proving it14
8221396843FramingThe way we present an issue, can impact judgement15
8221396844LanguageSpoken, written, signed words that we communicate into meaning16
8221396845PhonemesSmallest distinctive sound unit17
8221396846MorphemesSmallest unit of sound that holds meaning18
8221396847GrammarSystem of rules that enables us to communicate19
8221396848SemanticsRules for deriving meaning from words20
8221396849SyntaxRules to combine words21
8221396850Receptive LanguageIn infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them22
8221396851Productive LanguageThe ability to produce words23
8221396852Babbling StageAbout 4 months, speech development unrelated to household language24
8221396853One Word Stage (Holophrastic)Around 1-2 years old, communicating in single worded phrases "ma" "uh"25
8221396854Two Word StageBeginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs26
8221396855Telegraphic StageEarly speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words27
8221396856Critical Period Theory (Language Development)The window on language development closes gradually in early childhood28
8221396857"Genie"A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak and was extremely socially delayed29
8221396858AphasiaImpairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding).30
8221396859Brocas AreaControls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech31
8221396860Wernickes AreaLanguage comprehension, left temporal lobe32
8221396861Noam ChomskyLanguage development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language33
8221396862Nativist TheoryYou have the ability to pick up language which is inborn, but it has to be natured34
8221396863Belief BiasThe tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid35
8221396864ConvergentIdeas come together36
8221396865DivergentIdeas come apart37
8221396866Linguistic DeterminismWhorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them38
8221396867Bilingual AdvantageThe advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information39
8221396868Nondeclarative MemoryMental picture of how you do something, implicit memory40
8221396869Mental PracticeMentally rehearsing future behaviours, activates the same part of your brain as if you were really doing the action41
8345417722Artificial intelligence - PracticalRobots that can sense their environment.42
8345417723Artificial intelligence - TheoreticalComputers that mimic human thinking.43
8345417724Artificial intelligence - Computer Neural NetworksMimic the brain's interconnected neural networks.44
8345445892GadnerTaught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32. Speech evolved from gestures.45

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