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| 11396039185 | Cognition | Mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating |  | 0 |
| 11396039186 | Concept | A mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people (similar to perceptual set) |  | 1 |
| 11396069557 | hierarchies | Complex information broken down into broad concepts and further subdivided into categories and subcategories | 2 | |
| 11396043593 | Cognitive psychologists | psychologists who study the way people think, remember, know, communicate, mentally organize information, create concepts(illogically/logically), solve problems, make decisions, and form judgements | 3 | |
| 11396039187 | Prototype | a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin). |  | 4 |
| 11396039188 | Algorithm | A methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts w/the speedier but also more error-prone use of heuristics. |  | 5 |
| 11396039189 | Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. |  | 6 |
| 11396039190 | Availability Heuristic | Estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common |  | 7 |
| 11396039191 | Representativeness Heuristic | Judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information. |  | 8 |
| 11396039192 | Insight | A sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; contrasts with strategy-based solutions |  | 9 |
| 11396039193 | Confirmation Bias | A tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence |  | 10 |
| 11396084894 | Fixation | inibility to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set | 11 | |
| 11396039194 | Mental Set | A tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |  | 12 |
| 11396039195 | Functional Fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving |  | 13 |
| 11396094257 | What do we fear? | what our ancestry has prepared us to fear (spiders), what we cannot control (planes), what is immediate (not global warming,not smoking), what is most readily available in memory(9/11,terrorism) | 14 | |
| 11396039196 | Intuition | an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning |  | 15 |
| 11396039197 | Trial and Error | Most fundamental method of problem solving(random) |  | 16 |
| 11396039198 | Overconfidence | the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments. |  | 17 |
| 11396039199 | Belief Perserverance | clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited |  | 18 |
| 11396039200 | Framing | the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments. |  | 19 |
| 11396136884 | Effects of Framing | preferred portion size depends on framing, why choosing to be an organ doctor depends on where you live, how to help employees decide to save for their retirement those who know the power of framing can use it to influence our decisions | 20 | |
| 11396039201 | Language | our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning |  | 21 |
| 11396039202 | Phonemes | in language, the Smallest distinctive sound unit |  | 22 |
| 11396039204 | Grammar | System of rules that enables us to communicate |  | 23 |
| 11396039203 | Morphemes | in language, Smallest unit of sound that holds meaning; may be a word or a part of a word(such as a prefix adding -ed = past tense) |  | 24 |
| 11396039207 | Receptive Language | In infants, the ability to understand what is said to them and about them |  | 25 |
| 11396039205 | Semantics | the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning | 26 | |
| 11396039206 | Syntax | the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language |  | 27 |
| 11396039208 | Productive Language | The ability to produce words |  | 28 |
| 11396039211 | Two Word Stage | Beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statement, overgeneralizes wants and needs |  | 29 |
| 11396039209 | Babbling Stage | beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language |  | 30 |
| 11396039210 | One Word Stage (Holophrastic) | the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words |  | 31 |
| 11396039212 | Telegraphic Stage | Early speech stage in which a child speaks like a telegram (go car) using mostly nouns and verbs, omitting auxiliary words |  | 32 |
| 11396166474 | Summary of Language Development | -4 months: babbles many speech sounds -10 months: babbling reveals household language -12 months: one-word stage -24 months: two-word, telegraphic speech -24+: language develops rapidly into complete sentences | 33 | |
| 11396039213 | Critical Period Theory (Language Development) | The window on language development closes gradually in early childhood |  | 34 |
| 11396039214 | "Genie" | A girl who was locked up for 14 years and when she was found, she had missed the critical period where she could have learned language so she could not speak and was extremely socially delayed |  | 35 |
| 11396039215 | Aphasia | Impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area (impairing speaking) or to Wernicke's area (impairing understanding). |  | 36 |
| 11396039216 | Brocas Area | Controls language expression-area of the frontal lobe in left hemisphere that directs muscle movements involved in speech |  | 37 |
| 11396039218 | Noam Chomsky | Language development; disagreed with Skinner about language acquisition, stated there is an infinite # of sentences in a language, humans have an inborn native ability to develop language |  | 38 |
| 11396039217 | Wernickes Area | controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe |  | 39 |
| 11396204361 | 5 steps in the brain for language processing | 1. visual cortex(receives written words as visual stimulation) 2. angular gyrus(transforms visual representations into an auditory code) 3. wernicke's area(interprets auditory code) 4. broca's area(controls speech muscles via the motor cortex) 5. motor cortex(word is pronounced) | 40 | |
| 11396039219 | Nativist Theory | You have the ability to pick up language which is inborn, but it has to be natured |  | 41 |
| 11396186294 | language acquisition device | Chomsky's concept of an innate, prewired mechanism in the brain that allows children to acquire language/grammar naturally | 42 | |
| 11396175292 | B. F. Skinner | believed we can explain language development with familiar learning principles(association of sights of things w/sounds of words, imitation of words and syntax modeled by others, reinforcement w/smiles when a child says something right) | 43 | |
| 11396039220 | Belief Bias | The tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusions seem valid, or valid conclusions seem invalid |  | 44 |
| 11396039221 | Convergent | Ideas come together | 45 | |
| 11396039222 | Divergent | Ideas come apart | 46 | |
| 11396039223 | Linguistic Determinism | Whorfs hypothesis that language determines the way we think, we cannot think things if we cannot say them |  | 47 |
| 11396039225 | Nondeclarative Memory | Mental picture of how you do something, implicit memory |  | 48 |
| 11396039224 | Bilingual Advantage | The advantage of bilingual individuals to inhibit one language while using the other and inhibit attention to irrelevant information(bilingual children are better able to inhibit their attention to irrelevant info) |  | 49 |
| 11396039226 | Mental Practice | Mentally rehearsing future behaviours, activates the same part of your brain as if you were really doing the action |  | 50 |
| 11396039227 | Artificial intelligence - Practical | Robots that can sense their environment. | 51 | |
| 11396039228 | Artificial intelligence - Theoretical | Computers that mimic human thinking. | 52 | |
| 11396039229 | Artificial intelligence - Computer Neural Networks | Mimic the brain's interconnected neural networks. | 53 | |
| 11396039230 | Gadner | Taught Washoe the chimp 132 signs by age 4 and 181 by age 32. Speech evolved from gestures. | 54 | |
| 12132180146 | Lev Vygotsky | child development; investigated how culture & interpersonal communication guide development; zone of proximal development; play research; language are the building blocks for thinking | 55 | |
| 12133390801 | damage to angular gyrus | Anomia: can't name objects or ppl Alexia with agraphia: difficulties reading and writing Left-right disorientation:inability to distinguish right from left finger agnosia:lack of sensory perceptual ability to identify which finger is which acalula: difficulties with arithmetic (unable to read but can speak/understand) | 56 |
