Terms : Hide Images
| 6557893182 | Functionalism | all aspects served function and are necessary for survival ex: why are we scared of the dark? What purpose did it serve out ancestors | 0 | |
| 6557893183 | Nature- Nurture Debate | a long- standing debate over whether innate biology or environmental experience is the most critical factor in the development of human behavioral characteristics ex: we act a certain way b/c of our DNA vs. b/c of societies influence on us. | 1 | |
| 6557893184 | Neuroscience Perspective | how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences ex: how is pain inhibited? | 2 | |
| 6557893185 | Evolutionary Perspective | how natural selection of the traits promotes continuations of our genes ex: Why are we afraid of the dark? | 3 | |
| 6557893186 | Humanistic Perspective | how to reach full potential ex: fulfill desire to succeed in life | 4 | |
| 6557893187 | Psycho-dynamic Perspective | how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts ex: personality traits explained in terms of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas | 5 | |
| 6557893188 | Behavioral Perspective | how we learn observable responses ex: how do we learn to fear particular objects | 6 | |
| 6557893189 | Cognitive Perspective | how we encode, process, store, and receive info. ex: how we remember | 7 | |
| 6557893190 | Social- Cognitive Perspective | how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures ex: how society shapes us? | 8 | |
| 6557893191 | Behavior Genetics Perspective | how much our genes and environment influence individual differences ex: Anger b/c it runs in the family and because all friends have anger issues. | 9 | |
| 6557893192 | hindsight bias | the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it ex: students would think the answer to a question was obvious once they knew the correct answer | 10 | |
| 6557893193 | operational definition | identify specific conditions and events, so any researcher can test it ex: weight is the numbers that appear when that object is placed on a weighing scale | 11 | |
| 6557893194 | false consensus effect | some people over estimate others agreement ex: someone thinks that everyone loves sports. | 12 | |
| 6557893195 | naturalistic observation | observe and record behavior of organisms in natural environment ex: watching chimpanzee societies in the jungle | 13 | |
| 6557893196 | correlation coefficient | number that measures dependence between 2 or more variables ex: 0.96 strong positive correlation between | 14 | |
| 6557893197 | placebo effect | experimental results caused by expectations alone ex: healing power of believing | 15 | |
| 6557893198 | double-blind procedure | neither the experimenter nor the subject knows to what group the subjects are in ex: random assignment done by third party | 16 | |
| 6557893199 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated ex: taking or not taking the pill | 17 | |
| 6557893200 | dependent variable | factor being measured ex: how much the person overeats | 18 | |
| 6557893201 | statistical significance | how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance ex: scores differ by a few point--> little practical importance | 19 | |
| 6557893202 | Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord ex: consists of interneurons for internal communications | 20 | |
| 6557893203 | Peripheral Nervous System | Sensory and motor neurons that connects central nervous system to the rest of the body ex: send information to brain then send information to muscles and organs | 21 | |
| 6557893204 | Somatic Nervous System | Controls voluntary movements of muscles (PNS) ex: reports to brain then carry instructions back | 22 | |
| 6557893205 | Autonomic Nervous System | Controls self-regulated action of internal organs (PNS) ex: influence heartbeat, digestion, glandular activity | 23 | |
| 6557893206 | Sympathetic Nervous System | Arouses the body (part of autonomic system) ex: accelerated heartbeat & dilated pupils | 24 | |
| 6557893207 | Parasympathetic Nervous System | Calms the body (part of autonomic system) ex: slows heartbeat and contracted pupils | 25 | |
| 6557893208 | Medulla | Base of the brain stem. Controls heartbeat and breathing ex: damage causes death | 26 | |
| 6557893209 | Cerebellum | Attached to rear of brain stem. Helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance ex: damage: lose the ability to walk and experience vertigo | 27 | |
| 6557893210 | Broca's Area | Controls language expression. Area of frontal lobe in left hemisphere ex: damage leads to aphasia | 28 | |
| 6557893211 | Wernicke's Area I | Controls language reception in left temporal lobe ex: damage leads to aphasia | 29 | |
| 6557893212 | Bottom Up Processing | Analysis that begins with basic senses and then works up to brain's interpretation ex) smelling food to determine of you should eat it | 30 | |
| 6557893213 | Top Down Processing | Where we process info with higher thinking. We construct perceptions based on experience and expectations ex) hating food that made you sick during your childhood | 31 | |
| 6557893214 | Webers Law | Principle that, to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant percentage ex) 2 lights must differ by 8 percent | 32 | |
| 6557893215 | Opponent Process Theory | Theory that opposing retinal processes enable color vision ex)red-green, yellow-blue, white-black | 33 | |
| 6557893216 | Place Theory | In hearing, the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochlea's membrane is stimulated ex) High pitch sounds stimulate specific section of cochlea | 34 | |
| 6557893217 | Frequency Theory | In hearing, the theory that the rate of nerve impulses travelling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch ex) vibrations up auditory nerve | 35 | |
| 6557893218 | Conduction Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea ex) ear wax build up | 36 | |
| 6557893219 | Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Hearing loss caused by damage to the cochlea's receptor cells or to the auditory nerves. Nerve deafness ex) hearing music very loudly | 37 | |
| 6557893220 | Gate Control Theory | Theory that spinal cord has a neurological "gate" that either allows or blocks pain signals to the brain ex) during games some athletes don't feel pain | 38 | |
| 6557893221 | Binocular Cues | Depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depends on the use of two eyes ex) identify far/near objects | 39 | |
| 6557893222 | Circadian rhythm | the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle. ex: cycle of temperature and wakefulness | 40 | |
| 6557893223 | REM sleep | Rapid eye movement sleep, a recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams commonly occur. ex: dreaming occurs during REM sleep | 41 | |
| 6557893224 | Narcolepsy | A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times. ex: falling asleep while standing in line | 42 | |
| 6557893225 | Sleep apnea | a sleep disorder characterized by temporary cessations of breathing during sleep and repeated momentary awakenings ex: these people rarely get REM sleep | 43 | |
| 6557893226 | tolerance | The characteristic of requiring higher and higher doses of a drug to produce the same effect. ex: require more alcohol to feel the same effect | 44 | |
| 6557893227 | Manifest Content | according to Freud, the remembered story line of a dream ex: sometimes incorporates previous days experiences | 45 | |
| 6557893228 | Latent Content | according to Freud, the underlying meaning of a dream ex: a gun might be a disguised representation of a penis | 46 | |
| 6557893229 | Activation-Synthesis Theory | during REM sleep the brainstem stimulates the forebrain with random neural activity, which we interpret as a dream ex: interpreting a dream that we are falling | 47 | |
| 6557893230 | Cognitive Information Processing | dreams are the interplay of brain waves and psychological functioning of interpretive parts of the mind ex:cell triggering the area of the brain that controls balance may lead to a dream of falling | 48 | |
| 6557893231 | Dissociation | A split in consciousness, which allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others. ex: detachment from physical experience | 49 | |
| 6557893232 | Classical Conditioning | A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events ex: Pavlov's Dogs | 50 | |
| 6557893233 | Unconditioned response | Unlearned or involuntary response to an unconditioned stimulus ex: dogs salivating | 51 | |
| 6557893234 | Unconditioned stimulus | A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning ex: food | 52 | |
| 6557893235 | Conditioned response | response elicited by the conditioned stimulus ex: dogs salivating | 53 | |
| 6557893236 | Conditioned stimulus | after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response ex: bell | 54 | |
| 6557893237 | Fixed-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses ex: candy after 5 questions are finished | 55 | |
| 6557893238 | Variable-ratio schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses ex: candy after random # of questions are finished | 56 | |
| 6557893239 | Fixed-interval schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed ex: paycheck | 57 | |
| 6557893240 | Variable-interval schedule | reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals ex: money after a random amount of time | 58 | |
| 6557893241 | Punishment | An event that decreases the behavior that it follows. ex: taking away a phone | 59 | |
| 6557893242 | Phoneme | in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit ex: /k/ | 60 | |
| 6557893243 | Overconfidence bias | the tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs and judgments ex: it is a hindrance in problem solving | 61 | |
| 6557893244 | Availability heuristic | estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory ex: thinking motorcycles are more dangerous | 62 | |
| 6557893245 | Representative heuristic | judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes ex: people think HTHHTT is more likely than HHHHHH when tossing a coin. | 63 | |
| 6557893246 | Functional fixedness | the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions ex: it is an impediment to problem solving | 64 | |
| 6557893247 | Implicit memory | retention independent of conscious recollection ex: driving after years of experience | 65 | |
| 6557893248 | Heuristic | A simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently ex: it is usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms. | 66 | |
| 6557893249 | Explicit memory | Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and "declare" ex: learning to drive | 67 | |
| 6557893250 | Retroactive interference | the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information ex: learning Spanish, and not being able to remembering french | 68 | |
| 6557893251 | Proactive interference | the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information ex: not being able to learn Spanish because you get confused with french, which you already learned | 69 | |
| 6557893252 | Type A | Friedman and Rosenman's term for competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people ex: more likely to be stressed | 70 | |
| 6557893253 | Type B | Friedman and Rosenman's term for easygoing, relaxed people ex: less likely to be stressed | 71 | |
| 6557893254 | general adaptation syndrome (GAS) | Seyle's concept that the body responds to stress with alarm, resistance and exhaustion ex: caused by stressors | 72 | |
| 6557893255 | feel-good, do-good phenomenon | people's tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood ex: being kind when you are happy | 73 | |
| 6557893256 | Cannon-Bard Theory | the theory that an emotion-arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers (1) physiological responses and (2) the subjective experience of emotion ex: thinking and acting at the same time | 74 | |
| 6557893257 | James-Lange Theory | the theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli ex: being happy because you smiled | 75 | |
| 6557893258 | intrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake ex: Playing football because you love and enjoy it | 76 | |
| 6557893259 | extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment ex: playing football because you want the money | 77 | |
| 6557893260 | Theory X | assumes that workers are basically lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money ex: should be directed from above, managers play a more active role | 78 | |
| 6557893261 | Theory Y | assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity. ex: managers play a less active role | 79 | |
| 6557893262 | Crystallized intelligence | One's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills ex: tends to increase with age | 80 | |
| 6557893263 | Fluid intelligence | One's ability to reason speedily and abstractly ex: tends to decrease during late adulthood. | 81 | |
| 6557893264 | Imprinting | The process by which certain animals form attachments during a critical period very early in life. ex: birds form attachments with mom bird | 82 | |
| 6557893265 | Attachment | An emotional tie with another person; shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver ex: showing distress on separation. | 83 | |
| 6557893266 | Formal Operational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts ex: beginning about age 12 | 84 | |
| 6557893267 | Concrete Operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive developmentduring which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events ex: from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age | 85 | |
| 6557893268 | Preoperational Stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic ex: from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age | 86 | |
| 6557893269 | Object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived ex: peek-a-boo no longer works | 87 | |
| 6557893270 | Rooting reflex | a baby's tendency, when touched on the cheek, to turn toward the touch, open the mouth, and search for the nipple. ex: the rooting reflex is unlearned | 88 | |
| 6557893271 | Habituation | Decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation. ex: infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a visual stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner. | 89 | |
| 6557893272 | Free Association | a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind ex: it is part of psychoanalysis | 90 | |
| 6557893273 | Id | A reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. ex: It operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification. "devil" | 91 | |
| 6557893274 | Ego | According to Freud, the decision-making component of personality that operates according to the reality principle. ex: "angel" | 92 | |
| 6557893275 | Superego | According to Freud, the moral component of personality that incorporates social standards about what represents right and wrong. ex: not doing something because it is illegal | 93 | |
| 6557893276 | External Locus of Control | the perception that chance or outside forces beyond your personal control determine your fate. ex: belief in a higher power | 94 | |
| 6557893277 | Internal Locus of Control | the perception that you control your own fate ex: social cognitive theory | 95 | |
| 6557893278 | Self-Actualization | the ultimate psychological need that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential ex: developed by Maslow | 96 | |
| 6557893279 | Repression | banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness. ex: the basic defense mechanism | 97 | |
| 6557893280 | Regression | A return to a prior stage after a person has progressed through the various stages of development ex: caused by anxiety. | 98 | |
| 6557893281 | Psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions ex: free association, projective tests | 99 | |
| 6557893282 | Intelligence Quotient (IQ) | Numerical measurement of intelligence, usually accomplished by some form of standardized testing. ex: (mental age/chronological age) x100 | 100 | |
| 6557893283 | Aptitude Test | a test designed to predict a person's future performance ex: SAT | 101 | |
| 6557893284 | Achievement Test | a test designed to assess what a person has learned ex: Unit Exams | 102 | |
| 6557893285 | Reliability | Ability of a test to yield very similar scores for the same individual over repeated testings ex: person gets a C both times they take the test | 103 | |
| 6557893286 | Validity | The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. ex: a test is not valid if its SAT but asking questions about driving school. | 104 | |
| 6557893287 | Predictive Validity | The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; ex: it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. | 105 | |
| 6557893288 | Standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group ex: new SAT will be standardized in a few years | 106 | |
| 6557893289 | General Intelligence | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities ex: measured by every task on an intelligence test. | 107 | |
| 6557893290 | Factor Analysis . | A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test ex: used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one's total score | 108 | |
| 6557893291 | Normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. |  | 109 |
| 6557893292 | Bystander Effect , someone else will help them not me. | The tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present. ex) a person will just walk past someones who fell thinking | 110 | |
| 6557893293 | Compassionate Love | the deep affectionate attachment we feel for those with whom our lives are intertwined ex) intimacy and commitment | 111 | |
| 6557893294 | Passionate Love | an aroused state of intense positive absorption in another ex) Passionate Love is usually present at the beginning of a love relationship | 112 | |
| 6557893295 | Mere Exposure Effect | The finding that the more exposure we have to a stimulus, the more apt we are to like it ex) more exposure to a certain type of music | 113 | |
| 6557893296 | Frustration-Aggression Principle | the principle that frustration- the blocking of an attempt to achieve some goal- creates anger which can generate aggression ex) getting frustrated on a project --> throwing your calculator at the wall | 114 | |
| 6557893297 | Scapegoat Theory | people may be prejudice toward a group in order to vent their anger ex) Germans thought badly of Jews, causing the Holocaust | 115 | |
| 6557893298 | Foot-in-the-door Phenomenon | the tendency for people who have first agreed to a small request to comply later with a larger request ex) asking to extend curfew by 1 hour, then later asking to extend it by 2. | 116 | |
| 6557893299 | Normative Social Influence | influence resulting from a person's desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval ex) person influenced to start smoking | 117 | |
| 6557893300 | Social Loafing | The tendency for people in a group to exert less effort when pooling their efforts toward attaining a common goal than when individually accountable. ex) slack off on a group project and let others do all the work | 118 | |
| 6557893301 | Group Polarization | tendency of group members to move to an extreme position after discussing an issue as a group ex) After discussing the policy, the group indicates that they are now more against the policy than ever | 119 | |
| 6557893302 | Generalized anxiety disorder | An anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal. ex: lasts 6 months or more | 120 | |
| 6557893303 | Panic disorder | An anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. ex: can be treated with anti anxiety medication | 121 | |
| 6557893304 | Obsessive-Compulsive disorder | Anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and uncontrollable thoughts and irrational beliefs that cause the performance of compulsive rituals that interfere with daily life. ex: obsessed with everything being neat and clean | 122 | |
| 6557893305 | Major depressive disorder | A mood disorder in which a person experiences two or more weeks of significantly depressed moods, feelings of worthlessness, and diminished interest or pleasure in most activities. ex: treated with anti depressants | 123 | |
| 6557893306 | Bipolar disorder | A mood disorder in which the person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania. ex: includes Bipolar I and Bipolar II | 124 | |
| 6557893307 | Dissociative disorders | Disorders in which conscious awareness becomes separated (dissociated) from previous memories, thoughts, and feelings. ex: Dissociative identity disorder | 125 | |
| 6557893308 | Schizophrenia | A group of severe disorders characterized by disorganized and delusional thinking, disturbed perceptions, and inappropriate emotions and actions. ex: thinking you have a voice in your head | 126 | |
| 6557893309 | Personality Disorders | Psychological disorders characterized by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social functioning. ex: antisocial personality | 127 | |
| 6557893310 | Exposure therapies | behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actuality) to the things they fear and avoid ex: virtual reality | 128 | |
| 6557893311 | Systematic desensitization | A type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. ex: Commonly used to treat phobias. | 129 | |
| 6557899266 | Fundamental attribution error | our tendency to explain someone's behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence that external factors, such as situational influences, have on another person's behavior. | 130 |
