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AP Psychology Unit 10 Flashcards

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9072068587personalityan individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting0
9074960630free associationin psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing1
9089113823psychoanalysisFreud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions2
9089153305unconsciousaccording to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware.3
9089153306ida reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. The id operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification.4
9089153307egothe largely conscious "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The ego operates on the reality principle.5
9089926890superegoThe part of the personality that represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations6
9104240259psychosexual stagesThe childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.7
9104248795Oedipus complexa boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father8
9104252066identificationthe process by which children incorporate their parents values into their developing superegos9
9104252067fixationaccording to Freud, a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.10
9104255744defense mechanismsin psychoanalytic theory, the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality11
9104255745repressionin psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories12
9104262087psychodynamic theoriesmodern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences13
9104264696collective unconsciousCarl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history14
9104264697projective testa personality test, such as the Rorschah, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner dynamics15
9104272238Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)a projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes16
9104276074Rorschach inkblot testthe most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschah; seeks to identify people's inner feelings17
9104283727false consensus effectthe tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and our behaviors18
9104286659terror-management theorya theory of death-related anxiety; explores people's emotional and behavioral responses to reminders of their impending death19
9104286660humanistic theoriesview personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth20
9104292535self-actualizationaccording to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved21
9104297615unconditional positive regardaccording to Rodgers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person22
9104297616self-conceptall our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in an answer to the question, "Who am I?"23
9104300681traita characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports24
9104300682personality inventorya questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits25
9104310051Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes26
9104313014empirically derived testa test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups27
9104315833social-cognitive perspectiveviews behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context28
9104315869behavioral approachin personality theory, this perspective focuses on the effects of learning on our personality development29
9104323024reciprocal determinismthe interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment30
9104323025positive psychologythe scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive31
9104326395selfin contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions32
9104326396spotlight effectoverestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)33
9104329428self-esteemone's feeling of high or low self-worth34
9104329429self-efficacyone's sense of competence and effectiveness35
9104333246self-serving biasa readiness to perceive oneself favorably36
9104333247narcissismexcessive self-love and self-absorption37
9104336802individualismgiving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications38
9104339301collectivismgiving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly39

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