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| 8564963487 | reification | viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing. | 0 | |
| 8564963488 | intelligence test | a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores. |  | 1 |
| 8564963489 | intelligence | mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations) |  | 2 |
| 8564963490 | general intelligence (g) | a general intelligence factor that, according to Spearman and others, underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test. |  | 3 |
| 8564963491 | Thurston's primary mental abilities | our intelligence may be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory. | 4 | |
| 8564963492 | factor analysis | a statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test; used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie a person's total score. | 5 | |
| 8564963493 | savant syndrome | a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing. |  | 6 |
| 8564963494 | Gardner's Eight Intelligences | linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal (self), interpersonal (other people), naturalist (p. 525) |  | 7 |
| 8564963495 | Sternberg's Three Intelligences | analytical (academic problem-solving) intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence |  | 8 |
| 8564963496 | emotional intelligence | the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions. |  | 9 |
| 8564963497 | neural plasticity | ability during childhood and adolescence to adapt and grow neural connections in response to their environment. | 10 | |
| 8564963498 | Francis Galton | English scientist with a fascination of measuring human traits. When his cousin Charles Darwin proposed that nature selects successful traits through the survival of the fittest, Galton wondered if it might be possible to measure "natural ability" and to encourage those of high ability to mate with one another. His quest failed, but he gave us the technique of nature vs. nature. ( |  | 11 |
| 8564963499 | Alfred Binet | With his collaborator, Théodore Simon, they began by assuming that all children follow the same course of intellectual development but that some develop more rapidly. On tests, therefore, a "dull" child should perform as does a typical younger child, and a "bright" child as does a typical older child. Thus, their goal became measuring each child's mental age. |  | 12 |
| 8564963500 | mental age | a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance. Thus, a child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8. |  | 13 |
| 8564963501 | Stanford-Binet | the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test. |  | 14 |
| 8564963502 | intelligence quotient (IQ) | defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 (thus, IQ = ma/ca × 100). On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100. | | 15 |
| 8564963503 | eugenics | a much-criticized nineteenth-century movement that proposed measuring human traits and using the results to encourage only smart and fit people to reproduce. |  | 16 |
| 8564963504 | achievement tests | tests designed to assess what a person has learned. |  | 17 |
| 8564963505 | aptitude tests | tests designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn. |  | 18 |
| 8564963506 | Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) | most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance (nonverbal) subtests. |  | 19 |
| 8564963507 | standardization | defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group. | 20 | |
| 8564963508 | normal curve | (normal distribution) a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many types of data; most scores fall near the mean (68 percent fall within one standard deviation of it) and fewer and fewer near the extremes. |  | 21 |
| 8564963509 | reliability | the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, or on retesting. |  | 22 |
| 8564963510 | validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. |  | 23 |
| 8564963511 | content validity | the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest. |  | 24 |
| 8564963512 | predictive validity | the success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior. (Also called criterion-related validity.) |  | 25 |
| 8564963513 | validity | the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to. | 26 | |
| 8564963514 | The stability of intelligence test scores increases with age. | By age 4, scores fluctuate somewhat but begin to predict adolescent and adult scores. At about age 7, scores become fairly stable and consistent. |  | 27 |
| 8564963515 | intellectual disability | (formerly referred to as mental retardation) a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound. |  | 28 |
| 8564963516 | down syndrome | a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. |  | 29 |
| 8564963517 | ethnic similarities and differences | Racial groups differ in their average intelligence test scores. High-scoring people (and groups) are more likely to attain high levels of education and income. |  | 30 |
| 8564963518 | stereotype threat | a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype. |  | 31 |
