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| 14635087659 | Barnum Effect | The tendency to think vague useless information, such as horoscopes and assessments, are true and applicable | 0 | |
| 14635087660 | Perspectives | current points of view and sets of assumptions that influence both what psychologists will study and how. Determines what to look for, where to look, and the methods to use. | 1 | |
| 14635087661 | Empiricism | The view that knowledge originates in experience and that science should, therefore, rely on observation and experimentation. | 2 | |
| 14635087662 | Structuralism | an early school of thought that used introspection and the brain's response to stimuli to discover the structure of the human mind. | 3 | |
| 14635087663 | Functionalism | An early school of thought that explored how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish | 4 | |
| 14635087664 | Experimental Psychology | The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method | 5 | |
| 14635087665 | Behaviorism | The view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) not (2). | 6 | |
| 14635087666 | Cognitive Neuroscience | The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition(including perception, thinking, memory, and language). | 7 | |
| 14635087667 | Psychology | The study using the scientific process, that looks at organisms' observable adjustment to an environment and their mental processes | 8 | |
| 14635087668 | Levels of analysis | Biological, Psychological, and Social. | 9 | |
| 14635087669 | Biological approach | Biological approach: considered the natural selection of adaptive traits, genetic predisposition responding to environments, brain mechanisms, and hormone influences. | 10 | |
| 14635087670 | Psychological approach | considered learned fears and other learned expectations, emotional responses, and cognitive processes and perceptual interpretations. | 11 | |
| 14635087671 | Social-cultural approach | considered the presence of others, cultural, societal, and family expectations, peer and other group influences, and compelling models (including media) | 12 | |
| 14635087672 | Biological psychology | How the body's brain, nervous system, and endocrine system(hormones) cause behaviors. Scientists look for neurotransmitters(chemicals), active in the brain and which areas are associated with which tasks. They look inside the body using MRIs, PET scans, and blood tests. | 13 | |
| 14635087673 | Evolutionary psychology | Examines natural selection in regards to traits and their perpetuation. Believes that mental abilities were developed by time because they serve adaptive purposes. The looks for trends over time and cultures in the environment using observation. | 14 | |
| 14635087674 | Psychodynamic psychology | Behavior driven by powerful inner forces such as inherited instincts, biological drives expressed through dreams, and attempts to resolve conflict with personal needs and societal demands. The purpose is to reduce tension by focusing on the now. Scientists look for tension, anxiety, and conflict in responses to stimuli, themes of conversations/therapy visits, transference, and dream content. Methods like talk therapy and dream analysis are used. | 15 | |
| 14635087675 | Behavioral psychology | Studies observable behavior and response to environmental stimuli. Looks at the environmental conditions, behavioral response, and consequences. A response to stimuli can be tested by looking or collecting body's data(blood test). | 16 | |
| 14635087676 | Behavioral genetics | Studies how the environment triggers certain underlying genetic conditions/responses. Scientists do this by looking at genes, chromosomes, and overt behavior in genetic structure and the environment using observation and genetic testing. | 17 | |
| 14635087677 | Cognitive psychology | Stresses human thought and process of knowing. Attending(encode), thinking(process), remembering (store&retrieve), solving problems(process). Thoughts are results and causes of overt behavior. Scientists look for thought patterns in the brain through introspection(self-reports) and various types of brain scanning equipment. | 18 | |
| 14635087678 | Social-cultural psychology | Studies behavior in the context of different cultures by taking theories and tests whether they apply to all humans or particular groups. Scientists look for common behaviors and thoughts across cultures and time using introspection(self-reports) and observation. | 19 | |
| 14635087679 | Humanistic Behaviors | Purpose of behavior is to strive to be the best person of one's self by filling the void. Studies patterns in individual's history, integrating mind, body, and behavior, and social cultural forces. They do this by looking at happiness and satisfaction through self-reports(introspection) using talk therapy. | 20 | |
| 14635087680 | Psychometrics | The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits. | 21 | |
| 14635087681 | Basic Research | Data from pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base. | 22 | |
| 14635087682 | Developmental Psychology | A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span. | 23 | |
| 14635087683 | Educational psychology | the study of how psychological processes affect and enhance teaching and learning. | 24 | |
| 14635087684 | Personality psychology | the study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting. | 25 | |
| 14635087685 | Social psychology | the scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another. | 26 | |
| 14635087686 | Applied research | Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems. | 27 | |
| 14635087687 | Industrial-organizational psychology(I/O) | the application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces. | 28 | |
| 14635087688 | Human factors psychology | An I/O psychology subfield that explores how people and machines interact and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use. | 29 | |
| 14635087689 | Counseling psychology | A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living(often related to school, work, or marriage) and in achieving greater well-being. | 30 | |
| 14635087690 | Clinical psychology | A branch of psychology that studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders. | 31 | |
| 14635087691 | Psychiatry | medical doctors licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders. | 32 | |
| 14635087692 | Hindsight Bias | The natural tendency to believe that, after seeing the outcome, one would have foreseen it. (knew it all along phenomenon) | 33 | |
| 14635087693 | Overconfidence | The natural tendency to think that we know more and are more efficient than we actually are. | 34 | |
| 14635087694 | Theory | an organized set of concepts that explain phenomena. | 35 | |
| 14635087695 | Hypothesis | prediction of how two or more factors are likely to be related. | 36 | |
| 14635087696 | Sample | the subgroup of the population that participates in the study | 37 | |
| 14635087697 | Random Selection | choosing of members of a population so that every individual has an equal chance of being chosen | 38 | |
| 14635087698 | Operational definition | A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures (operations) used in a research study. For example human intelligence can be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. | 39 | |
| 14635087699 | Replication | repeating the essence a of research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic findings extends to other participants and circumstances. | 40 | |
| 14635087700 | Case Study | A study of one individual using observation of overt behavior and internal testing. Strengths: all access to the subjects to run tests, can do a thorough background, and can approach from biopsychosocial standpoint. Weaknesses: it costs a large sum and requires a great deal of manpower, it does not guarantee the truth, and it is not representative. | 41 | |
| 14635087701 | Survey | A study of a large group of people through the answering of constant questions either online or in person on paper. Strengths: it is cheap, fast, includes a large number of people, allows for generalizations to be made, and is anonymous. Weaknesses: It does not go in depth, has fixed responses, and it is hard to avoid volunteer bias. | 42 | |
| 14635087702 | Naturalistic observation | A study of a group or person in their "natural habitat" without disturbance or awareness that can alter their behavior. Strengths: it eliminates lying, is convenient, and generally not expensive. Weaknesses: It is not descriptive, forces assumptions to be made, is hard to measure, and there is no control. | 43 | |
| 14635087703 | sampling bias | a flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample | 44 | |
| 14635087704 | Population | all those in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn. | 45 | |
| 14635087705 | Random sample/selection | a sample that fairly represents a population because because each member has a equal chance of inclusion. | 46 | |
| 14635087706 | Correlation | To assess if and how one variable will predict another, or observe two variables' relationship. CORRELATION DOES NOT EQUAL CAUSATION. | 47 | |
| 14635087707 | Correlation coefficient | The statistical measurement that reveals how closely two things vary together. +1 is a perfect positive correlation, -1 is a perfect negative correlation, and 0 indicated no correlation. 0-0.1 is no correlation, 0.1-0.3 is a weak correlation, 0.4-0.6 is a moderate correlation, and 0.7-1.0 is a strong correlation. | 48 | |
| 14635087708 | Scatterplot | Shows correlation by showing how closely negative or positive data trends. |  | 49 |
| 14635087709 | Illusory correlation | the tendency of people to see relationships where they don't exist. People see streaks and patterns in random data. Also, more bizarre events stand out against mundane ones leading to their remembrance and the idea of a correlation. | 50 | |
| 14635087710 | Experiment | Examines cause and effect by manipulating factor and observing isolated responses using experiments and random assignment. ONLY experiments can examine cause and effect. Follows the scientific method and isolates independent and dependent variables by eliminating confounding variables. | 51 | |
| 14635087711 | Random assignment | Assigning participants randomly to the experimental and control group to minimize preexisting differences between the groups. | 52 | |
| 14635087712 | Double-blind procedure | An experiment where neither the experimenter or the participants know which group they are in. | 53 | |
| 14635087713 | Placebo effect | Experimental result caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which the recipient assumes is an active agent. | 54 | |
| 14635087714 | Experimental group | in an experiment, the group exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable. | 55 | |
| 14635087715 | Control group | in an experiment, the group not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 56 | |
| 14635087716 | Descriptive statistics | Statistical procedures used to summarize sets of scores with respect to central tendencies, variability, and correlation. They are merely observational and inferences cannot be made. | 57 | |
| 14635087717 | Frequency distribution | Summarizes how frequently each of the various scores occurs. 1. rank scores from lowest to highest 2. group the rank ordered scores into intervals 3. Construct a frequency distribution-histogram | 58 | |
| 14635087718 | Standard deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. 68% of data is +/- 1 standard deviation away from the mean and 95% of data is +/- 2 standard deviations away from the mean. This only applies to mound-shaped data. | 59 | |
| 14635087719 | Independent variable | the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect are being studied. | 60 | |
| 14635087720 | Confounding variable | any variable that can affect/impact the dependent variable. | 61 | |
| 14635087721 | Dependent variable | the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 62 | |
| 14635087722 | Mean | Arithmetic average of a group of scores. It is affected by extreme outliers. | 63 | |
| 14635087723 | median | The score in the center of all of the data lines up in a rank. It is not affected by extreme outliers. | 64 | |
| 14635087724 | mode | Scores that occur more often than the others. It is not affected by extreme outliers. | 65 | |
| 14635087725 | Normal curve | The symmetrical curve that represents the distribution of scores. It allows researchers to make judgments of how unusual an observation is. | 66 | |
| 14635087726 | Statistical Significance | The difference between experimental conditions that would have occurred by chance less than an accepted criterion. | 67 | |
| 14635087727 | T-tests | Assess whether the means of two groups are statistically different from each other. 5% up to chance is the max | 68 | |
| 14635087728 | Informed consent | An ethical principle that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose whether they with to participate | 69 | |
| 14635087729 | Debriefing | the post-experimental explanation of a study, including its purpose an any deceptions, to its participants. | 70 | |
| 14635087730 | Socrates | Believed that the mind worked without the body and continued to function after the body had passed away. Believed that knowledge is innate | 71 | |
| 14635087731 | Plato | Believed that the mind worked without the body and continued to function after the body had passed away. Believed that knowledge is innate | 72 | |
| 14635087732 | Aristotle | Believed that through data and observation, knowledge is gained from experience. | 73 | |
| 14635087733 | Francis Bacon | Observed the mind's tendencies and noticed the mind's tendency to find pattern in random things and the Barnum effect. | 74 | |
| 14635087734 | John Locke | Wrote an essay concerning Human Understanding where he argued that the mind is in a tabula rasa(blank state) at birth and that it forms with experience. He helped develop the theory of empiricism | 75 | |
| 14635087735 | Mary Whiton Calkins | The first female psychology student at Harvard that studied under William James. Harvard refused to give her a degree despite graduating at the top of her class. She went on to become the APA's first female president. | 76 | |
| 14635087736 | Charles Darwin | The scientists that created the theory of evolution and natural selection. | 77 | |
| 14635087737 | Rene Descartes | Agreed with the ideas of Socrates and Plato. He also believed that animal spirits in the form of a fluid flowed through the nerve passages and holes that were made in the brain each time memories were formed. | 78 | |
| 14635087738 | Dorothea Dix | Created the first generation of american mental asylums. | 79 | |
| 14635087739 | Sigmund Freud | Emphasized the ways emotional responses to childhood experiences and our unconscious though processes affect our behavior. Freudian psychology looked at the psychodynamic approach. | 80 | |
| 14635087740 | Stanley Hall | Focused on childhood development and evolutionary theory. He is the founder/father of developmental psychology | 81 | |
| 14635087741 | William James | An american who founded a laboratory at Harvard that took a functionalist approach. Studied the evolved functions of thoughts and feelings and their fitness. Wrote a psychology textbook called the principles of psychology. | 82 | |
| 14635087742 | Abraham Maslow | A humanistic psychologist who looked at how one's current environment affects their growth potential, and the role of love and acceptance. | 83 | |
| 14635087743 | Ivan Pavlov | Studied conditioning in response to stimuli. Did the experiment of pavlov's dogs. | 84 | |
| 14635087744 | Jean Piaget | Observed child behavior. | 85 | |
| 14635087745 | Rosaline Rayner | Assisted John B. Watson in the little Albert case that demonstrated conditioning. | 86 | |
| 14635087746 | Carl Rodgers | A humanistic psychologist who looked at how one's current environment affects their growth potential, and the role of love and acceptance. | 87 | |
| 14635087747 | B.F. Skinner | Believed in behavioralism and that psychology can only be what is observable. Believed that you can measure response to stimuli by not by introspection and that behavior is influenced by learned associations in the process of conditioning. | 88 | |
| 14635087748 | E.B. Titchener | Aimed to use introspection to determine the mind's structure. | 89 | |
| 14635087749 | Margaret Floy Washburn | Wrote the animal mind and was the first female with a Ph.D in psychology. She was the second female president of the APA. | 90 | |
| 14635087750 | John B. Watson | Believed in behavioralism and that psychology can only be what is observable. Believed that you can measure response to stimuli by not by introspection and that behavior is influenced by learned associations in the process of conditioning. | 91 | |
| 14635087751 | Wilhelm Wundt | A German scientist that founded a laboratory that took a structuralist approach to psychology. Used introspection to separate perception and sensation as different processes. Also measured "atoms of the mind" and things such as comprehension. | 92 |
