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| 6530773384 | Neuron | Transmits neurons Dendrites, cell body/soma, myelin sheath, axon, terminal buttons, terminal branches of axon, ranviers |  | 0 |
| 6532424109 | Inter Neurons | Take information between neurons | 1 | |
| 6532424110 | Afferent Neurons | Sensory Take information at the brain | 2 | |
| 6532430446 | Efferent Neurons | Motor Take information as it exists the brain | 3 | |
| 6532432207 | Dendrites | Receive messages from other cells Like the ears of the cell | 4 | |
| 6530773385 | Cell Body/Soma | The cells life support center Does normal cell stuff | 5 | |
| 6532433793 | Terminal Branches of Axon | Form junctions with others | 6 | |
| 6532433794 | Axon | Passes messages away from the cell body to other neuron, muscles, or glands | 7 | |
| 6532436156 | Terminal Buttons | They are the mouths of the cell | 8 | |
| 6532438786 | Myelin Sheath | Speeds up signal Covers the axon of some neurons Helps speed neural impulses | 9 | |
| 6532486476 | Ranvier | Space between myelin | 10 | |
| 6532502985 | Some Types of Neurotransmitters | Acetycholine: lack of causes alzheimers; found within muscles Dopamine: controls learning, emotion, and movement; lack of causes parkinsons; too much causes schizophrenina Serotonin: involves mood, hunger, and sleep; too much causes depression | 11 | |
| 6532602475 | Synapse |  | 12 | |
| 6532649620 | Vesicles | Little bubbles that hold neurotransmitters | 13 | |
| 6532651418 | Reuptake | Terminal button collects unused neurotransmitters to use again later | 14 | |
| 6532669238 | Agonist | Increase the amount of a specific neurotransmitter Not about increased energy | 15 | |
| 6532669239 | Antagonist | Decreases the amount of neurotransmitters Decreases the effect of the neurotransmitter | 16 | |
| 6532685273 | Neurotransmitter | Signal that travels between one neuron to the next They are chemical | 17 | |
| 6532702557 | How Signals Travel Through a Neuron | Neurons need to know when to replace neurotransmitters When they get a message they need to send on, they generate an action potential The action potential is an electrical signal that travels down the axon | 18 | |
| 6532711903 | Threshold | Not all incoming signals are strong enough to create an action potential Must be strong enough to reach threshold Called an all or none response | 19 | |
| 6532722218 | Action Potential | Electrical charge inside a neuron Resting state---stimulus(when dendrites collect neurotransmitters from other neurons)---sodium enters the neuron---action potential(release neurotransmitters)---potassium exits the neuron(repelled by sodium)---refractory period(restore) Signals that travel within(inside a single neuron) a neuron are electrical |  | 20 |
| 6532736161 | Neuron At Rest | A resting potential K+=potassium Na+=sodium Like a potato chip, salty(Na) on the outside and potato(K) on the inside Reminder: electrical charges want opposite charges L=+ R=- | 21 | |
| 6533756243 | Refractory Period | A short time when the cell cannot be active Sodium came inside the cell, potassium left the cell so they must switch back before the cell can be active again | 22 | |
| 6534322544 | Brain Structure | Limbic stystem: amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus Brainstem: reticular formation, medula, spinal cord Cerebal cortex, cerebellum, thalamus, corpus collosum |  | 23 |
| 6534318666 | Limbic System | Amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus | 24 | |
| 6534315887 | Amygdala | Part of limbic system Neural centers in the limbic system linked to emotion Emotional center | 25 | |
| 6534315888 | Hippocampus | Part of limbic system A structure in the limbic system linked to memory | 26 | |
| 6534320527 | Hypothalamus | Part of limbic system Controls maintenance functions such as eating Helps govern endocrine system Linked to emotion/reward Internal clock | 27 | |
| 6546799587 | Brainstem | Reticular formation Medulla Spinal cord | 28 | |
| 6546806057 | Reticular Formation | Part of brainstem Maintains consciousness and awakenness Helps control arousal | 29 | |
| 6546812800 | Medulla | Part of brainstem Controls heartbeat and breathing | 30 | |
| 6546817315 | Spinal Cord | Part of brainstem Pathway for neural fibers traveling to and from the brain Controls simple reflexes | 31 | |
| 6546823880 | Corpus Callosum | Axon fibers connecting 2 cerebral hemispheres Sometimes severed to help control severe seizures, the signal for the seizure do not continue if it is severed | 32 | |
| 6546823881 | Thalamus | Relays messages between lower brain centers and cerebral cortex | 33 | |
| 6546824512 | Cerebellum | Coordinates voluntary movement and balance | 34 | |
| 6546824513 | Pituitary | Master endocrine system Produces all of the bodies hormones | 35 | |
| 6546843214 | Cerebral Cortex | Ultimate control and information processing center | 36 | |
| 6546844759 | Evolutionary Perspective | Desire to survive and reproduce | 37 | |
| 6546847305 | Sensory Pathways | Vision/hearing is processed in a series of locations | 38 | |
| 6546853548 | Association Areas | More intelligent animals have increased uncommitted or association areas of the cortex | 39 | |
| 6546881634 | Lobes of the Brain | Frontal lobe Occipetal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe |  | 40 |
| 6546886079 | Frontal Lobe | High level functions Motor system Problem solving |  | 41 |
| 6546910900 | Occipital Lobe | Visual input is processed Vision |  | 42 |
| 6546910910 | Parietal Lobe | Touch Integrating other senses Main sensory lobe View something ad 1 experience |  | 43 |
| 6546911404 | Temporal Lobe | Audition Hearing |  | 44 |
| 6546922115 | Sensory Cortex | Touch Inner barrier of parietal lobe | 45 | |
| 6546922867 | Motor Cortex | Movement Inner barrier of frontal lobe | 46 | |
| 6546936436 | Pop Psychology | Like pseudoscience Often begins with a real finding/truth that is then changed in some way to become either over simplified or entirely untrue | 47 | |
| 6546937622 | Right Brain/Left Brain | Incorrect Each hemisphere has specific characterisitcs | 48 | |
| 6547041963 | Contralateral Organization | The brain is organized contralaterally The left side controls and receives input from the right side and vice versa | 49 | |
| 6547042765 | Hemispheric Specialization | Some functions occur only in or primarily in one side Left side: speech(especially for right handed people) Right side: spatial tasks and recognizing faces | 50 | |
| 6547043351 | Split Brain | Information that is in the left doesn't travel to the right (vice versa) Corpus callosum is separated Left hand can draw a separate shape than the right hand | 51 | |
| 6547044080 | Broca's Aphasia | Inability to produce language Can't talk or gesture, any type of language Left hemisphere frontal lobe motor cortex damage | 52 | |
| 6547044914 | Wernicke's Aphasia | Inability to understand language Left hemisphere frontal lobe Can talk but it is gibberish | 53 | |
| 6547060975 | Phineas Gage | His social behavior changed after an accident to his frontal lobe His intelligence did not change but he went from being responsible/likeable to being irresponsible/mean Over time he got better due to plasticity | 54 | |
| 6547061325 | Endocrine System | The body's slow chemical communication system Set of glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream |  | 55 |
| 6547061326 | Hormones | Chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the endocrine glands that are produced in one tissue and affect another | 56 | |
| 6547061778 | Adrenal Glands | A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidneys Secrete the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and non epinephrine (non adrenaline), which helps to arouse the body in times of stress | 57 | |
| 6547061779 | Pituitary Gland | Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands | 58 | |
| 6547068061 | EEG: Electroencephalography | Measures electrical signal in brain Frequently used during sleep Neurons discharge an electrical charge, the EEG reads this Simplest, cheapest, easier to do Used to diagnose sleep disorders | 59 | |
| 6547071015 | MEG: Magnetoencephalography | Every electric field (as detected by EEG) also has a magnetic field More neurons firing=larger magnetic field | 60 | |
| 6547071016 | PET | Have subjects perform 2 tasks Compare the activation between the 2 tasks Called subtraction analysis Measures blood flow Injected with a radioactive sugar More blood flows to neurons who are overworking 3-D picture of the full brain | 61 | |
| 6547071911 | FMRI | Uses very strong magnets to detect bloodflow Similar to PET Normal MRI then the study(color that specifically tells you something) MRI+color | 62 | |
| 6547071912 | TMS | Uses a wand to send pulses through the skull and target area Send strong short pulses to excite the area targeted *or* send weaker longer pulses to inhibit the area targeted | 63 | |
| 6547072481 | Single Cell Recordings | Used extensively in animal studies A micro electrode is inserted into brain tissue and recordings of action potential can be made from nearby neurons, ideally a single neuron Not used on humans | 64 | |
| 6547072829 | Central Nervous System | The brain and spinal cord are part of this system |  | 65 |
| 6547074179 | The Brain | Creates our thoughts Organizes our memories | 66 | |
| 6547074197 | The Spinal Cord | Extends from the brain stem to the lower back Responsible for reflexes Connects brain to body | 67 | |
| 6547073206 | Peripheral Nervous System | It is located outside the central nervous system Everything but brain/spinal cord Nerves Autonomic system Somatic system |  | 68 |
| 6547075018 | Autonomic System | Doesn't require you to think about it Automatic Parasympathetic system Sympathetic system | 69 | |
| 6547075811 | Parasympathetic System | In charge most of the time Keeps everything balanced Restores the body's energy reserves | 70 | |
| 6547076468 | Sympathetic System | Makes body race Suppresses digestion Increases heart and breathing rate Acts during times of stress | 71 | |
| 6547076469 | Somatic System | Voluntary movements | 72 | |
| 6547077575 | Nature | Biological influences | 73 | |
| 6547078987 | Nurture | Environmental influences | 74 | |
| 6549359924 | Clark and Hatfield 1978 | Random strangers, "I have been noticing you around campus and I find you to be very attractive. Would you go to be with me tonight?" Women=0% Men=75% | 75 | |
| 6549362602 | Gender Differences Biology | Testosterone responsible for aggressive behavior Girls who are exposed to too much in the womb become like the case of Brenda(John or Joan) | 76 | |
| 6563991847 | Men Gender Differences | 40% more muscle Die 5 years younger More commit suicide More autism 9 times more likely to murder Suffer from male answer syndrome, always want to give you an answer | 77 | |
| 6563998224 | Women Gender Differences | 70% more fat Express emotions freely More depression/anxiety More religious More eating disorders(10x) More social connections More attempts to suicide | 78 | |
| 6564004096 | Women Brain | Larger area in frontal lobe for verbal fluency | 79 | |
| 6564004097 | Men Brain | Larger area in parietal lobe for space perception | 80 | |
| 6551191051 | Animal Studies | Nature/Biology - Belyaev and Trut, tame foxes for 40 years using selective breeding Nurture/Environment - Kolb and Whishaw, impoverished rats, enriched environment led to brain cells that connect to more neurons | 81 | |
| 6551186188 | Brief Tangent | Siblings get 1/2 of their genes from mom and 1/2 from dad Regular siblings share about 1/2 of genetic material Fraternal twins:50% but same womb Identical twins:100% | 82 | |
| 6551186187 | Twin Studies | Twins are raised in same environment, nature/nurture is similar because the share DNA and environment Some scientists argue that their similarities are a coincidence | 83 | |
| 6551193785 | Nurture Arguments | Adopted infants- fewer problems than infants whose mother's changed their minds Kids usually get values from parents Cultural norms- North Americans vs. Mexicans and personal space | 84 | |
| 6551195623 | Heritability Index | How much of the differences between use are due to what we inherit(genes/nature) Group differences, not how much you as an individual inherit | 85 | |
| 6551195624 | Determine Heritability | If the differences between people can be accounted for by mostly nature there is high irritability If the differences between people can be accounted for by mostly nurture there is low heritability | 86 | |
| 6551203640 | Endocrine System Order | Hypothalamus---pituitary---adrenal glands---adrenaline---heart | 87 | |
| 6551208760 | Nervous System Order | Spinal cord---efferent neuron---motor organ | 88 | |
| 6551211246 | Afferent Neuron Order | Neurotransmitter---synapse---receptor site---dendrite---soma---axon---nodes of ranvier---terminal buttons---vesicles | 89 |
