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| 7435662797 | hindsight bias | The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it- "I knew it all along" |  | 0 |
| 7435662798 | critical thinking | Is rationally deciding what to believe or what to do. When one rationally decides something, he or she evaluates information to see if it makes sense, whether it's coherent, and whether the argument is well founded on evidence. | 1 | |
| 7435662799 | validity | the extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to do | 2 | |
| 7435662800 | theory | A hypothesis that has been tested with a significant amount of data | 3 | |
| 7435662801 | hypothesis | A testable prediction, often implied by a theory | 4 | |
| 7435662802 | operational definition | A statement of the procedures used to define research variables | 5 | |
| 7435662803 | replication | replicate the original study | 6 | |
| 7435662804 | case study | An observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. | 7 | |
| 7435662805 | survey | A study, generally in the form of an interview or questionnaire, that provides researchers with information about how people think and act. | 8 | |
| 7435662806 | population | the whole group that you want to study and describe | 9 | |
| 7435662807 | random sample | A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion | 10 | |
| 7435662808 | sampling bias | flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample | 11 | |
| 7435662809 | naturalistic observation | Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation | 12 | |
| 7435662810 | correlation | A measure of the relationship between two variables | 13 | |
| 7435662811 | correlation coefficient | A statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1) | 14 | |
| 7435662812 | scatterplot | A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two variables. | 15 | |
| 7435662813 | illusory correlation | The perception of a relationship where none exists | 16 | |
| 7435662814 | experiment | A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process | 17 | |
| 7435662815 | random assignment | Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups | 18 | |
| 7435662816 | double-blind study | An experiment in which neither the participant nor the researcher knows whether the participant has received the treatment or the placebo | 19 | |
| 7435662817 | placebo effect | Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behavior caused by the administration of an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent. | 20 | |
| 7435662818 | experimental group | A subject or group of subjects in an experiment that is exposed to the factor or condition being tested. | 21 | |
| 7435662819 | control group | In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment. | 22 | |
| 7435662820 | independent variable | (statistics) a variable whose values are independent of changes in the values of other variables | 23 | |
| 7435662821 | confounding variable | A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment. | 24 | |
| 7435662822 | dependent varibale | the outcome factor the cariable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variables --what you are measuring (ex. obesity rates) | 25 | |
| 7435662823 | mode | Measure of central tendency that uses most frequently occurring score. | 26 | |
| 7435662824 | mean | Average | 27 | |
| 7435662825 | median | A measure of center in a set of numerical data. The median of a list of values is the value appearing at the center of a sorted version of the list - or the mean of the two central values if the list contains an even number of values. | 28 | |
| 7435662826 | range | Distance between highest and lowest scores in a set of data. | 29 | |
| 7435662827 | standard deviation | A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score. | 30 | |
| 7435662828 | normal curve | the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes. | 31 | |
| 7435662829 | statistical significance | A statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance | 32 | |
| 7435662830 | culture | Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people. | 33 | |
| 7435662831 | informed consent | A written agreement to participate in a study made by an adult who has been informed of all the risks that participation may entail. | 34 | |
| 7435662832 | debriefing | A verbal description of the true nature and purpose of a study | 35 | |
| 7435662833 | sample | A part of the population you are studying. | 36 | |
| 7435662834 | how does overconfidence relate to everyday thinking? | we tend to be more confident than correct and believe we know more than we actually do | 37 | |
| 7435662835 | how do hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition? | leads us to overestimate our intuition | 38 | |
| 7435662836 | 3 main components of scientific attitude | curiosity skepticism humility | 39 | |
| 7435662837 | how do operational definitions keep biases in check? | make sure that everyone is going by the same standards and is not changing how they see the data being studied | 40 | |
| 7435662838 | a theory is useful if : | - it effectively organizes a range of self-reports / observations and leads to a clear hypothesis that anyone can use to check a theory - it stimulates research to lead to a revised theory that better organizes and predicts what we know | 41 | |
| 7435662839 | wording effect of a survey | the way a question or situation is presented affects how people feel about the matter (ex. better wording = more desired results) | 42 | |
| 7435662840 | case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather ________ behavior | describes | 43 | |
| 7435662841 | positive correlation | two variable rise and fall together, such as height and weight |  | 44 |
| 7435662842 | negative correlation | variables are related inversely, one goes up and the other goes down, such as inner speech and psychological distress |  | 45 |
| 7435662843 | 1 standard deviation | 68% | 46 | |
| 7435662844 | 2 standard deviations | 95% | 47 | |
| 7435662845 | 3 standard deviations | 99% | 48 | |
| 7435662846 | z-score | -3,-2,-1,1,2,3 standard deviaitons | 49 | |
| 7435662847 | p-value | 0.05 | 50 | |
| 7435662848 | descriptive statistics | numerical data used to measure and describe characteristics of groups, including measures of central tendency and variation | 51 | |
| 7435662849 | measures of central tendency | refers to how the data measures the center of a set of data | 52 | |
| 7435662850 | skewed graph | mode, median, and mean are different |  | 53 |
| 7435662851 | normal graph | mode, median, and mean are same |  | 54 |
| 7435662852 | positive skew | high outlier |  | 55 |
| 7435662853 | negative skew | low outlier |  | 56 |
| 7435662854 | measures of variability | depict diversity of the distribution (range, standard deviation) | 57 | |
| 7435662855 | higher standard deviation = | scores are less similar | 58 | |
| 7435662856 | normal curve |  | 59 | |
| 7435662857 | inferential statistics | numerical data that allows one to generalize (T-tests, chi square, ANOVAS) | 60 | |
| 7435662858 | descriptive stats vs. inferential stats | d : allows us to summarize info about the sample studied i : determine whether or not findings can be applied to a larger population from which the sample was selected | 61 | |
| 7435662859 | statistically significant | how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance (p-value) averages are reliable differences between averages is relatively large implies importance of results | 62 | |
| 7435662860 | culture (behavior) | enduring behaviors ideas, attitudes, and how people perceive different situations, such as body shape, early sex, etc. | 63 | |
| 7435662861 | collectivist culture | group goals | 64 | |
| 7435662862 | individualist cultures | individual goals | 65 | |
| 7435662863 | ethics in research | informed consent protection from harm/discomfort maintain confidentiality debriefing | 66 | |
| 7435662864 | IRB (Institutional Review Board) | any academic research needs to be proposed to their IRB, review for ethical violations and/or procedural errors | 67 |
