Psychology - 4th Edition - Sternberg - Chapter 2 Vocab + Appendix Vocab
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| 10206206 | Verifiable Results | Results that can be confirmed. | 0 | |
| 10206207 | Replicate | Use original methods to produce the same results. | 1 | |
| 10206208 | Reliable Results | Results that you and others can count on your procedure to produce the same results time after time. | 2 | |
| 10206209 | Valid Results | Results that assess what a procedure is supposed to measure. | 3 | |
| 10206210 | Confirmation Bias | A tendency to confirm rather than to refute existing beliefs. | 4 | |
| 10206211 | Disconfirm | Refute. | 5 | |
| 10206212 | Theory | A statement of some general principles explaining particular events. | 6 | |
| 10206213 | Operational Definition | A means of specifying exactly how to test or measure the particular phenomenon being studied. | 7 | |
| 10206214 | Hypothetical Construct | An abstract concept that is not itself directly measurable or observable but that gives rise to measurable phenomena and patterns of data. | 8 | |
| 10206215 | Description | A characterization of what and how people think, feel, or act in response to various situations. | 9 | |
| 10209383 | Explanation | Addresses why people think, feel, or act as they do. | 10 | |
| 10209384 | Prediction | A declaration about the future based on observation, experience, or reasoning that can be very important in practice as well as theory. | 11 | |
| 10209385 | Control | The ability of a person to gain command of their own destiny. | 12 | |
| 10209386 | Psychotherapy | A remedial intervention that uses the principles of psychology to treat a mental or emotional disorder, in order to take charge of their lives. | 13 | |
| 10209387 | Naturalistic Observation | Also known as a field study. Involves going into the community to observe and record the behavior of people engaged in the normal activities of their daily lives. | 14 | |
| 10209388 | Case Study | An intensive investigation of a person or group with the intended purpose of trying to draw general conclusions about behavior. | 15 | |
| 10209389 | Clinical Work | Therapy offered directly to clients by psychologists. | 16 | |
| 10209390 | Test | A procedure used to measure an attribute at a particular time and in a particular place. | 17 | |
| 10209391 | Survey | A questionnaire given by a researcher to inquire about a research topic. | 18 | |
| 10209392 | Questionnaire | A survey given by a researcher to inquire about one's life or lifestyle. | 19 | |
| 10209393 | Experiment | An investigation into the cause-effect relationships through the control and manipulation of variables. | 20 | |
| 10209394 | Experimental Methods | Let researchers investigate cause-effect relationships by controlling or carefully manipulating particular variables to not their effects on other variables. | 21 | |
| 10209395 | Variables | Characteristics of a situation, person, or phenomenon that may fluctuate across situations, persons, or phenomena. | 22 | |
| 10209396 | Independent Variables | Aspects of an investigation that are individually manipulated or carefully regulated, by the experimenter while other aspects of the investigation are held constant. | 23 | |
| 10209397 | Dependent Variables | Outcome responses whose values depend on how one or more independent variables influence or affect the participants in the experiment. | 24 | |
| 10209398 | Experimental Condition | Also known as the treatment condition. A condition in which some participants are exposed to a carefully prescribed set of circumstances. | 25 | |
| 10209399 | Control Condition | A condition in which the participants receive an alternative treatment. | 26 | |
| 10209400 | Representative Sample | A subset of the population carefully chosen to represent the proportionate diversity of the population as a whole. | 27 | |
| 10209401 | Random Sample | A sample in which every person in a population has an equal chance of being selected. | 28 | |
| 10209402 | Sample Statistics | Numbers that characterize the sample we have tested with regard to the aspects under investigation. | 29 | |
| 10209403 | Population Parameters | Numbers that characterize everyone we conceivably might test who fit our desired description. | 30 | |
| 10209404 | Statistical Significance | A probability level agreed on by convention that helps us decide how likely it is that a result would be obtained if only chance factors were in operation. | 31 | |
| 10209405 | Null Hypothesis | A statement opposing the original hypothesis stating that the two variables in the hypothesis have no relationship between each other. | 32 | |
| 10209406 | Causal Inferences | Conjectures about cause-effect relationships regarding behavior that seek to explain what causes a person to behave in a certain way. | 33 | |
| 10209407 | Design | How a given set of variables are chosen and interrelated as well as how participants are assigned to conditions. | 34 | |
| 10209408 | Controlled Experimental Design | An experiment in which the experimenter carefully manipulates or controls one or more independent variables in order to see the effect on the dependent variable or variables. | 35 | |
| 10209409 | Quasi-Experimental Design | An experiment that contains many of the same features that a controlled experiment does, but does not ensure the random assignment of participants to the treatment and the control groups. | 36 | |
| 10209410 | Correlational Methods | Assess the degree of relationship between two or more variables or attributes. | 37 | |
| 10209411 | Correlational Design | An experiment in which researchers merely observe the degree of association between two (or more) attributes. | 38 | |
| 10209412 | Correlation | A degree of statistical relationship between two attributes, which usually is expressed as a number on a scale that ranges from -1 to 0 to 1. | 39 | |
| 10209413 | Negative Correlation | Also known as an inverse correlation. Increases in the value of one attribute are associated with decreases in the value of another attribute. Closest to -1 = Most correlation. | 40 | |
| 10209414 | Positive Correlation | Increases (or decreases) in the value of one attribute are associated with increases (or decreases) in the value of another attribute. Closest to 1 = Most correlation. | 41 | |
| 10209415 | Critical Thinking | The conscious direction of mental processes toward representing and processing information, usually in order to find thoughtful solutions to problems, make judgments or decisions, or reason. | 42 | |
| 10209416 | Statistic | A numerical value obtained by analyzing numerical data about a representative sample of a population. | 43 | |
| 10209417 | Statistics | A field of study that involves the analysis of numerical data about representative samples of populations. | 44 | |
| 10209418 | Descriptive Statistics | Numerical analyzes that summarize quantitative information about a population. | 45 | |
| 10209419 | Central Tendency | Typical value found in a set of data. | 46 | |
| 10209420 | Mean | The average score within a distribution of values. | 47 | |
| 10209421 | Median | The middle score within a distribution of values when those values are in ascending or descending order. | 48 | |
| 10209422 | Mode | The most frequent score within a distribution of values. | 49 | |
| 10210084 | Multimodal | A distribution of values that contains more than one mode. | 50 | |
| 10210085 | Frequency Distribution | Shows the dispersion of values in a set of values. | 51 | |
| 10210086 | Relative Frequency | The number of cases that received a given score or range of scores. | 52 | |
| 10210087 | Cumulative Frequency | The total number if instances of values up to a given level. | 53 | |
| 10210088 | Bar Graph | A graph in which items reflecting larger numeric values are represented as longer bars on the graph. | 54 | |
| 10210089 | Line Graph | A graph in which quantities are associated with linear information and this association is represented by changing heights if a broken line. | 55 | |
| 10210090 | Range | The full expanse of a distribution of values, from the lowest to the highest value. | 56 | |
| 10210091 | Standard Deviation | A statistical measurement of dispersion, indicating the degree to which a set of values typically deviates from the mean value for the set. | 57 | |
| 10210092 | Variance | The degree to which a set of values varies from the mean of the set of values. | 58 | |
| 10210093 | Normal Distribution | Also known as a bell curve. A distribution of scores or other measurement values in which most values congregate around the median, and the measurement values rapidly decline in number on either side of the median, tailing off more slowly as scores get more extreme. | 59 | |
| 10210094 | Skewness | Lopsidedness. | 60 | |
| 10210095 | Raw Score | The actual total sum of points obtained by a give test-taker for a given test. | 61 | |
| 10210096 | Percentile | The proportion of persons whose scores fall below a given score, multiplied by 100. | 62 | |
| 10210097 | Correlation Coefficient | The measure of statistical association. | 63 | |
| 10210098 | Pearson Product-Moment Correlation Coefficient | A measure of linear relation. | 64 | |
| 10210099 | Linear Relation | The association between two quantities that takes the form of a straight line. | 65 | |
| 10210100 | Linear Regression | The prediction of one quantified variable from one or more others, in which the tow sets of variables are assumed to have a relation that takes the form of a straight line. | 66 | |
| 10210101 | Regression Equation | The predictive equation specifying the relation between predicted values of a dependent variable (Y') and one or more independent variables (X). | 67 | |
| 10211573 | Inferential Statistics | One of two key ways in which statistics are used, in which a researcher analyzes numerical data in order to determine the likelihood that the given findings are a result of systematic rather than random, fluctuations or events. | 68 | |
| 10211574 | Population | The entire set of individuals to which a generalization is to be made. | 69 | |
| 10211575 | Sample | The subset of individuals actually tested. | 70 | |
| 10211576 | Type I Error | Refers to the belief that a finding has appeared due to systematic changes, when in fact the finding is a result of random fluctuation. | 71 | |
| 10211577 | Type II Error | Refers to the belief that a finding has appeared due to random fluctuations, when in fact the finding is a result of systematic changes. | 72 | |
| 10211578 | p-value | The statistical quantity indicating the probability (p) that a particular outcome as extreme as that observed would have occurred as a result of random variation when the null hypothesis is true. | 73 | |
| 10211579 | Representative | A subset of the population, carefully chosen to represent the proportionate diversity of the population as a whole. | 74 |
