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AP Psychology Unit 6 Flashcards

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11927654884learninga relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience0
11927654885habituationan organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it1
11927654886associative learninglearning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning2
11927654887classical conditioninga type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events3
11927654888behaviorismthe view that psychology: (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2)4
11927654889unconditioned response (UR)in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (US), such as salivation when food is in the mouth5
11927654890unconditioned stimulus (US)in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers a response6
11927654891conditioned response (CR)in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)7
11927654892conditioned stimulus (CS)in classical conditioned, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response8
11927654893acquisitionin classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response9
11927654894higher-order conditioninga procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. (For example, an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone.) (Also called Second-Order Conditioning)10
11927654895extinctionthe diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when a unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant condition when a response is no longer reinforced11
11927654896spontaneous recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response12
11927654897generalizationthe tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit responses13
11927654898discriminationin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus14
11927654899learned helplessnessthe hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events15
11927654900respondent behaviorbehavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus16
11927654901operant conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished followed by a punisher17
11927654902operant behaviorbehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences18
11927654903law of effectThorndike's principle that behaviors followed by faborable consequences become more like, that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely19
11927654904operant chamberin operant conditioning research, a chamber (also known as a Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking20
11927654905shapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior21
11927654906discriminative stimulusin operant conditioning, a stimulus that elicits a response after association with reinforcement (in contrast to related stimuli not associated with reinforcement)22
11927654907reinforcein operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows23
11927654908positive reinforcementincreasing behaviors by presenting positive stimuli, such as food. A positive reinforce in any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response24
11927654909negative reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforce is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response (negative reinforcement is not punishment)25
11927654910primary reinforcean innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need26
11927654911conditioned reinforcera stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforce; also known as a secondary reinforce27
11927654912continuous reinforcementreinforcing the desired response every time it occurs28
11927654913partial (intermittent) reinforcementreinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement29
11927654914fixed-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses30
11927654915variable-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses31
11927654916fixed-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed32
11927654917variable-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals33
11927654918punishmentan event that decreases the behavior that it follows34
11927654919cognitive mapa mental representation of the layout of one's environment. (For example, after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it)35
11927654920latent learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it36
11927654921insighta sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem37
11927654922intrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake38
11927654923extrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment39
11927654924observational learninglearning by observing others (also social learning)40
11927654925modelingthe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior41
11927654926mirror neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brain's mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empath42
11927654927prosocial behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior43
11927654928little albertsubject in John Watson's experiment, proved classical conditioning principles, especially the generalization of fear44
11927654929Albert Banduraresearcher famous for work in observational or social learning including the famous Bobo doll experiment45
11927654930John GarciaResearched taste aversion. Showed that when rats ate a novel substance before being nauseated by a drug or radiation, they developed a conditioned taste aversion for the substance.46
11927654931Ivan PavlovRussian physiologist who observed conditioned salivary responses in dogs (1849-1936)47
11927654932Rosalie Raynergraduate student of Watson and co-researcher for the famous Little Albert demonstration of classically conditioned emotion48
11927654933Martin Seligmanresearcher known for work on learned helplessness and learned optimism as well as positive psychology49
11927654934B.F. Skinnerpioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. he is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats.50
11927654935Edward ThorndikePioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes.51
11927654936John Watsonbehaviorism; emphasis on external behaviors of people and their reactions on a given situation; famous for Little Albert study in which baby was taught to fear a white rat52
11927654937biofedbackBiofeedback is a technique that trains people to improve their health by controlling certain bodily processes that normally happen involuntarily, such as heart rate, blood pressure, muscle tension, and skin temperature.53
11927654938observational learninglearning by observing others54
11927654939aversion theoryAversion therapy is a form of behavior therapy in which an aversive (causing a strong feeling of dislike or disgust) stimulus is paired with an undesirable behavior in order to reduce or eliminate that behavior.55

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