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| 8849683282 | motivation | a need or desire that energizes behavior and directs it towards a goal | 0 | |
| 8849683283 | Instincts | unlearned fixed patterns that are species-specific. | 1 | |
| 8849683284 | drives | determined by the needs of the human body. | 2 | |
| 8849683285 | incentives | Cultural things we want purely for the pleasure or because of the status that owning it brings. | 3 | |
| 8849683286 | homeostasis | The state of balance in any body or system | 4 | |
| 8849683287 | Drive-Reduction | Theory of motivation states that imbalance creates a NEED...the brain responds by creating a DRIVE...that then prompts the organism to take ACTION to satisfy or reduce the drive | 5 | |
| 8849683288 | Maslow's Theory of the Hierarchy of Needs | Needs at the bottom of the pyramid must come before needs at the top. From bottom to top: Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization. | 6 | |
| 8849683289 | Optimum Arousal | Theory of motivation aims NOT to eliminate but SEEK optimum levels of arousal. | 7 | |
| 8849683290 | physiological needs | Biological needs such as food, water and sleep. | 8 | |
| 8849683291 | safety | The need to feel secure. (ex: Big dog, tall boyfriend.) | 9 | |
| 8849683292 | love and belonging | The need for companionship. (ex: Choose friends over a school with good sports even though you love sports.) | 10 | |
| 8849683293 | esteem | The need that is measured by others. (ex: Choosing to go to a school where you will be best of the soccer team.) | 11 | |
| 8849683294 | self actualization | The need at the peak of the pyramid. Living one's passion, seizing the day. | 12 | |
| 8849683296 | calories | Provide energy. | 13 | |
| 8849683297 | lateral hypothalamus | The hunger center of the brain; "ON" switch. | 14 | |
| 8849683298 | ventromedial hypothalamus | The fullness center of the brain; "OFF" switch. | 15 | |
| 8849683300 | metabolic rate | Helps burn calories, preserve stored calories. | 16 | |
| 8849683301 | set point theory | How body reacts to body weight; trying to keep you at a certain weight. | 17 | |
| 8849683302 | Insulin | Hunger hormone: increases, found in the pancreas; increases hunger | 18 | |
| 8849683303 | Ghrelin | Hunger hormone: increases; found in stomach; increase hunger | 19 | |
| 8849683305 | Leptin | Hunger hormone: increase; found in fat cells; decreases hunger | 20 | |
| 8849683310 | Basal Metabolic Rate | is the minimal rate of energy expenditure needed if one was to stay at rest. | 21 | |
| 8849683312 | Masters & Johnson | pioneered research into the nature of human sexual response and the diagnosis and treatment of sexual disorders and dysfunctions. | 22 | |
| 8849683313 | Sexual Response Cycle | Excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution. | 23 | |
| 8849683321 | Estrogen | Is the primary female sex hormone as well as a medication. It is responsible for the development and regulation of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics. | 24 | |
| 8849683322 | Testosterone | the primary male sex hormone and an anabolic steroid. In men, it plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as the testis and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. | 25 | |
| 8849683332 | Belongingness | Social bonds boosted our ancestors' survival rates. (protecting each other; procuring food; reproduction) | 26 | |
| 8849683333 | Why want to belong? | Need to; social acceptance; maintaining relationships; happier and healthier | 27 | |
| 8849683334 | Ostracism | Social exclusion leads to demoralization, depression, and at times nasty behavior. | 28 | |
| 8849683339 | Achievement Motivation | A desire for significant accomplishment; People with a high need to achieve tend to choose tasks that allow for success; still require skill and effort and keep persisting until success is achieved. | 29 | |
| 8849683340 | Industrial-Organizational (I/O) Psychology | is the scientific study of working and the application of that science to workplace issues facing individuals, teams, and organizations. | 30 | |
| 8849683345 | Emotions | are our body's adaptive response to situations and events. | 31 | |
| 8849683347 | Expressed Emotion | Emotions are shown on on the face, by the body, and by the intonation of voice. | 32 | |
| 8849683348 | Paul Ekman | is an American psychologist who is a pioneer in the study of emotions and their relation to facial expressions. He concluded that there are 6 universal emotions that all cultures show that can be identified. | 33 | |
| 8849683349 | The 6 universal emotions | Happy, surprise, fear, sad, anger, disgust | 34 | |
| 8849683350 | Gestures | These vary by culture; Overall expression of emotion varies Western Nations (i.e., U.S.); More expressive and Individualist where as Eastern Nations (i.e., China) are less expressive and collectivist | 35 | |
| 8849683351 | Past experiences | Your _________________ can impact your ability to interpret emotions... Those who were abused as children were more likely to see anger in these faces, rather than surprise. | 36 | |
| 8849683352 | Charles Darwin | He speculated that our ancestors communicated with facial expressions in the absence of language. Nonverbal facial expressions led to our ancestor's survival. | 37 | |
| 8849683353 | James-Lange | Theory of Emotion that proposes that physiological (physical) activity precedes the emotional experience. | 38 | |
| 8849683354 | Cannon-Bard | Theory of Emotion that proposes that the emotion-triggering stimulus and the body's arousal take place simultaneously | 39 | |
| 8849683355 | Schachter: "Two-Factor" | Theory" of Emotion that emotions have two factors-physical arousal and cognitive label. | 40 | |
| 8849683358 | Physiological Similarities | Physiological responses related to the emotions of fear, anger, love, and boredom are very similar; lends to the belief that Schacter Two Factor is possibly best theory. | 41 | |
| 8849683359 | Physiological Differences | Physical responses, like finger temperature and movement of facial muscles, change during fear, rage, and joy. The amygdala shows differences in activation during the emotions of anger and rage. Activity of the left hemisphere (happy/rich supply of dopamine receptors) is different from the right (depressed) for emotions. | 42 | |
| 8849683360 | Emotions and Autonomic Nervous System | During an emotional experience, our autonomic nervous system mobilizes energy in the body that arouses us; Ex: liver increase sugar into bloodstream, heart beat increases to burn sugar and supply needed oxygen | 43 | |
| 8849683361 | Spill-over Effect | An arousal response to one event that carries over into our response to the next event. Arousal fuels emotion; cognition channels it based on our interpretation and label! | 44 | |
| 8849683362 | Yerkes Dodson Law (Inverted-U) | Arousal in short spurts is adaptive. We perform better under moderate arousal, but optimal performance varies with task difficulty. Ex: Golf (hard) vs. Weightlifting (easy) | 45 | |
| 8849683363 | Facial Feedback Theory | Facial expressions effect the emotions we experience; Expressions amplify and regulate our emotions; Smile feel happiness; Frown feel sadness | 46 | |
| 8849683364 | Lie Detector: Polygraph Test | Measures perspiration (GSR), heart rate, blood pressure, and respiration. Different control questions and guilty knowledge questions. Accuracy 25-50%. | 47 | |
| 8849683366 | Feel-Good, Do-Good Phenomenon | When we feel happy we are more willing to help others. | 48 | |
| 8849683367 | Subjective Well-Being | Self-perceived feeling of happiness or satisfaction with life. | 49 | |
| 8849683370 | Frustration Theory of Aggression | Fear is a function of situation or circumstance. | 50 | |
| 8849683371 | Anger as a sociocultural phenomenon | Anger is learned. | 51 | |
| 8849683373 | Adaptation Level Phenomenon | Similar to that for brightness, volume, and touch, people adjust to income levels. "Satisfaction has a short half-life" | 52 | |
| 8849683374 | Relative Deprivation Phenomenon | The perception that we are relatively worse off than those we compare ourselves with. | 53 | |
| 8849683375 | Catharsis Hypothesis | Venting anger through action or fantasy achieves an emotional release; Releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges. Truth: Expressing anger breeds more anger, and through reinforcement it is habit-forming. | 54 | |
| 8849683376 | Stressor | a stressful stimulus, a condition demanding adaption (THING) | 55 | |
| 8849683377 | Stress | the physical and mental changes that occur in response to a challenge or threatening situation (REACTION) | 56 | |
| 8849683378 | eustress | A positive stressor. (ex: a wedding, prom, college applications) | 57 | |
| 8849683379 | distress | A negative stressor. (ex: break-up, loss of a job) | 58 | |
| 8849683380 | Life-change stressor | Life circumstances that create demands to which people must adjust; The death of a loved one, a divorce or marriage, a loss of job, moving or a promotion may leave individuals vulnerable to disease. | 59 | |
| 8849683381 | Catastrophic stressor | Sudden, unexpected potentially life-threatening experience or traumas | 60 | |
| 8849683382 | Chronic stressor | Stressors that continue over a long period of time; Crime (think neighborhood,) critical illness, stressful job, unemployment | 61 | |
| 8849683383 | Daily Hassles stressors | Irritations, pressures and annoyances that might not be significant alone, but add up. (traffic, long lines, etc.) | 62 | |
| 8849683384 | Stress Response System | Cannon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-or-flight response; epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the inner adrenal glands; Result: increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain; Sympathetic NC gets us ready for fight or flight response! | 63 | |
| 8849683385 | General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) | Response to stress occurs in three psychological phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. | 64 | |
| 8849683386 | Cortisol | Steroid hormone released by the body during times of stress. Is an anti-inflammatory that speeds up metabolism. Stops the production of white blood cells, and too much could lead to a weakened immune system. | 65 | |
| 8849683387 | Coronary Heart Disease | Stress that leads to elevated blood pressure may result in this disease; a clogging of the vessels that nourish the heart muscle. Type A Personality more likely to develop. | 66 | |
| 8849683388 | Type A personality | Stresses often. Perfectionist. High chance of heart attacks; Coronary Heart Disease. | 67 | |
| 8849683389 | Type B personality | Very calm, mellow. | 68 | |
| 8849683390 | extrinsically motivated | Motivated by rewards. | 69 | |
| 8849683391 | intrinsically motivated | Will do the job whether or not there are rewards. | 70 | |
| 8849683392 | Emotions are a mix of these 3 elements | physiological activation; expressive behaviors; conscious experience | 71 | |
| 8849683393 | Common-sense View Theory of Emotion | 1. Conscious Awareness then...2. Physical Response | 72 | |
| 8849683394 | How we deal with stress? | Explanatory Style; Amount of exercise; Social Support-Family; Perceived Sense of Control; Faith/Spirituality | 73 | |
| 8849683395 | Perceived Control | Research with rats and humans indicates that the absence of control over stressors is a predictor of health problems. (Rat A no shock; Rat B can eliminate shock; Rat C attached to Rat B..no control | 74 |
