Terms : Hide Images
| 12532868876 | developmental psychology | a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span Example: studying newborn reflexes | 0 | |
| 12532868877 | zygote | the fertilized egg: it enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo Example: refer to te image |  | 1 |
| 12532870747 | embryo | the developing human organism from about 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month Example: refer to the image |  | 2 |
| 12532870748 | fetus | the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth Example: refer to the image |  | 3 |
| 12532874674 | teratogens | (literally, "monster maker") agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm Example: smoking, drinking, etc. | 4 | |
| 12532876292 | fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) | physical and cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant woman's heavy drinking: in severe cases, signs include a small, out-of-protportion head and abnormal facial features Example: refer to the image |  | 5 |
| 12532876293 | habituation | decreasing responsiveness with repeated stimulation: as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, their interest wanes and they look away sooner Example: at first, a new ringtone will distract you, and then you get used to it so it becomes less distracting | 6 | |
| 12532878573 | maturation | biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, relatively uninfluenced by experience Example: a girl growing taller before she starts high school | 7 | |
| 12532878574 | cognition | all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating Example: learning, testing, etc. | 8 | |
| 12532880229 | schema | a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information Example: a little girl knows what a horse is because it has four legs, fur, and a tail and then sees a cow and assumes its a horse because it fits her image of a horse | 9 | |
| 12532880230 | assimilation | interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas Example: the little girl thinks the cow is a horse because it fits her schema for a horse | 10 | |
| 12532882077 | accommodation | adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information Example: the little girl learns that the cow is not a horse and is called a cow | 11 | |
| 12532882078 | sensorimotor stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to about 2 years of age) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities Example: a child sucking their finger on accident and then intentionally repeating this behavior | 12 | |
| 12532884840 | object permanence | the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived Example: when placing a toy under a blanket in front of a baby, the child thinks that the object is gone, until they learn that the object does not disappear | 13 | |
| 12532887955 | preoperational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic Example: a child pretending that a broom is a horse | 14 | |
| 12532890147 | conservation | the principle (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects Example: the juice experiment | 15 | |
| 12532890148 | egocentrism | in Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view Example: a child giving her mother her comfort blanket thinking it will comfort her mom too | 16 | |
| 12532892966 | theory of mind | people's ideas about their own and others' mental states—about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts, and the behaviors these might predict Example: a person that pities themself | 17 | |
| 12532892967 | concrete operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Example: a child learning that A=B and B=C but not comprehending that A=C | 18 | |
| 12532895525 | formal operational stage | in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Example: the ability to do calculus | 19 | |
| 12532895526 | scaffold | a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking Example: when words for a classes spelling test slowly get harder and harder to spell | 20 | |
| 12532899633 | autism spectrum disorder (ASD) | a disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by significant deficiencies in communication and social interaction, and by rigidly fixated interests and repetitive behaviors Example: a person who struggles to recognize facial expression and communicate clearly | 21 | |
| 12532899634 | stranger anxiety | the fear of strangers that infants commonly display, beginning by about 8 months of age Example: a child being scared when a stranger tries to hug them | 22 | |
| 12532902081 | attachment | an emotional tie with another person: shown in young children by their seeking closeness to their caregiver and showing distress on separation Example: when a young child cries when his mother leaves the room | 23 | |
| 12532902082 | critical period | an optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces normal development Example: a person thinking they have a certain time to have kids lasting from puberty until decline | 24 | |
| 12532903940 | imprinting | the process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life Example: when ducklings follow their mother around all the time | 25 | |
| 12532907090 | strange situation | a procedure for studying child-caregiver attachment: a child is placed in an unfamiliar environment while their caregiver leaves and then returns, and the child's reactions are observed Example: refer to the image |  | 26 |
| 12532907091 | secure attachment | demonstrated by infants who comfortably explore environments in the presence of their caregiver, show only temporary distress when the caregiver leaves, and find comfort in the caregiver's return Example: refer to the image |  | 27 |
| 12532909658 | insecure attachment | demonstrated by infants who display either a clinging, anxious attachment or an avoidant attachment that resists closeness Example: refer to the image |  | 28 |
| 12532909659 | temperament | a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity Example: a child who is slow to warm up to | 29 | |
| 12532911860 | basic trust | according to Erik Erikson, a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy: said to be formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers Example: when a baby trusts their mother that she will feed them and rock them to sleep | 30 | |
| 12532911861 | self-concept | all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves in answer to the question, "Who am I?" Example: I view myself as a joyful, committed, responsible person | 31 | |
| 12532914759 | sex | in psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define male and female Example: the genitals of a male versus the genitals of a female | 32 | |
| 12532916836 | gender | in psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define boy, girl, man, and woman Example: refer to the image |  | 33 |
| 12532916837 | aggression | any physical or verbal behavior intended to harm someone physically or emotionally Example: a person punching someone in the stomach because the other person was cheating on his sister | 34 | |
| 12532920914 | relational aggression | an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing Example: a girl tells her crush who is dating another girl that his girlfriend is cheating on him | 35 | |
| 12532922789 | role | a set of expectations (norms) about a social position, defining how those in the position ought to behave Example: a women is supposed to cook and clean for her family, a man is supposed to grill and take out the trash | 36 | |
| 12532922790 | gender role | a set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males or for females Example: a girl is expected to play with barbies and wear bows in her hair | 37 | |
| 12532924630 | gender identity | our sense of being male, female, or some combination of the two Example: I am female | 38 | |
| 12532924631 | social learning theory | the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Example: parents putting their child in timeout to teach them that they can't his their brother | 39 | |
| 12532929028 | gender typing | the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role Example: how a chid is give a gender based on the clothes they wear or the toys they play with | 40 | |
| 12532929029 | androgyny | displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics Example: a hermaphrodite | 41 | |
| 12532931618 | transgender | an umbrella term describing people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth-designated sex Example: Jazz from TLC | 42 | |
| 12532931619 | adolescence | the transition period from childhood to adulthood, extending from puberty to independence Example: identity versus role confusion | 43 | |
| 12532933163 | puberty | the period of sexual maturation, during which a person becomes capable of reproducing Example: a girl starts her period, a boy's voice deepens, both sexes grow pubic hair, etc. | 44 | |
| 12532933164 | identity | our sense of self: according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles Example: I am a high schooler trying to figure out where to go to college and how I should present myself to others | 45 | |
| 12532933165 | social identity | the "we" aspect of our self-concept: the part of our answer to "Who am I?" that comes from our group memberships Example: the wealth of someone, the car they drive, the football team they root for | 46 | |
| 12532935449 | intimacy | in Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships: a primary developmental task in young adulthood Example: a girl in high school who wants a boyfriend to satisfy this need for a close relationship | 47 | |
| 12532935450 | emerging adulthood | a period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties, when many in Western cultures are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults Example: when people first start getting jobs and apartments but haven't taken on all responsibilities of adults | 48 | |
| 12532937510 | X chromosome | the sex chromosome found in both males and females: females typically have two X chromosomes: males typically have one: an X chromosome from each parent produces a female child Example: refer to the image (pink) |  | 49 |
| 12532937511 | Y chromosome | the sex chromosome typically found only in males: when paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child Example: refer to the image (blue) | | 50 |
| 12532937512 | testosterone | the most important male sex hormone: both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of the male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of the male sex characteristics during puberty Example: not relative to the term | 51 | |
| 12532940540 | primary sex characteristics | the body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible Examples: ovaries, testes, external genitalia | 52 | |
| 12532940541 | secondary sex characteristics | nonreproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality, and body hair Example: breasts, hips, voice pitch, body hair, etc. | 53 | |
| 12532943845 | spermarche | the first ejaculation Example: not relative to the term | 54 | |
| 12532945981 | menarche | the first menstrual period Example: not relative to the term | 55 | |
| 12532945982 | intersex | a condition present at birth due to unusual combinations of male and female chromosomes, hormones, and anatomy: possessing biological sexual characteristics of both sexes Example: not relative to the term | 56 | |
| 12532951524 | AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome) | a life-threatening, sexually transmitted infection caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): AIDS depletes the immune system, leaving the person vulnerable to infections Example: not relative to the term | 57 | |
| 12532951525 | sexual orientation | our enduring sexual attraction, usually toward members of our own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation): variations include attraction toward both sexes (bisexual orientation) Example: not relative to the term | 58 | |
| 12532953871 | menopause | the time of natural cessation of menstruation: also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines Example: not relative to the term | 59 | |
| 12532953872 | cross-sectional study | research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time Example: a study that compares memory between 50 year olds and 70 year olds at the same time | 60 | |
| 12532957633 | longitudinal study | research which follows and retests the same people over time Example: a study where babies from six months old are tested each month to discover how they develop from 6 months to 2 years old | 61 | |
| 12532962362 | neurocognitive disorders (NCDs) | acquired (not lifelong) disorders marked by cognitive deficits: often related to Alzheimer's disease, brain injury or disease, or substance abuse: in older adults, neurocognitive disorders were formerly called dementia Example: not relative tot he term | 62 | |
| 12532964679 | Alzheimer's disease | a neurocognitive disorder marked by neural plaques, often with an onset after age 80, and entailing a progressive decline in memory and other cognitive abilities Example: not relative to the term | 63 | |
| 12532964680 | social clock | the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement Example: a person should be married by 25, have kids by 30, and retire by 65 | 64 |
